Federico Andreu Guzmán, Colombia
Federico Andreu is a Senior Legal Adviser for the ICJ with over twenty years of professional experience and commitment in human rights. He worked for a number of national human rights non-governmental organisations in his native Colombia between 1984 and 1991. Mr Andreu also worked at the international secretariat of Amnesty International, (London, UK) as legal adviser for America and Asia from 1997 to 2000. He has been, for many years, involved in the draft UN Convention on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearances.

Abdullahi An-Na'im, Sudan
Professor An-Na'im was elected to the Commission in October 2003. A leading Islamic scholar, he has been Professor of Law and Director of the Law and Religion Project at Emory University, Georgia, USA since 1995. Prior to this appointment, Professor An-Na'im was the Executive Director of the African Section of Human Rights Watch's Washington D.C. office.

Louise Arbour, Canada
Louise Arbour became the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in July 2004. Mrs. Arbour was, until June 2004, a member of the Supreme Court of Canada. She served as chief prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda from 1996 to 2000, during which time she indicted former Yugoslav and Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic, among others, for war crimes and crimes against humanity for his part in atrocities committed in Kosovo.

Alejandro Artucio, Uruguay
Dr Artucio was elected to the Commission in April 2003. His involvement with the ICJ, however, dates back to 1974, when he joined the staff of the ICJ Secretariat. In 1986, he returned to his country, Uruguay, but resumed his work with the ICJ's Geneva Secretariat as Senior Legal Advisor for Latin America and the Caribbean from 1991 to 2000. Between 1993 and 1999, Dr Artucio was the UN Special Rapporteur on Equatorial Guinea for the UN Commission on Human Rights and in 1995 he was adviser to the Head of the UN Mission in Guatemala. In addition to his numerous activities on behalf of the ICJ, Dr Artucio has participated in various fact-finding missions to Latin American countries on behalf of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch.

William J. Butler, United States of America
Mr Butler was elected an ICJ Honorary Member in 1990. He served as a Commissioner from 1975 until 1990. During this period, he served two terms as Chairman of the Executive Committee, from 1977 to 1981 and again from 1985 to 1989. He is the founder and President of the American Association for the International Commission of Jurists and has led numerous ICJ fact-finding missions.

Arthur Chaskalson, South Africa
Justice Chaskalson was elected President of the ICJ in March 2002. A Commissioner since 1995, his commitment to the legal struggle for the promotion and protection of human rights, especially in South Africa, dates back to the 1960's. Most recently in November 2001, Justice Chaskalson was appointed to South Africa's highest judicial post, that of Chief Justice. Since June 1994, he holds the position of president of South Africa's newly established Constitutional Court.

Rajeev Dhavan, India
Professsor Dhavan was elected to the Commission in June 1998 and to the ICJ's Executive Committee in October 2003. A former academic, he now practices at the Supreme Court and other courts in India, having fought many cases on affirmative action, human rights, secularism and constitutional governance. He is also the Director of a Public Interest law firm called the Public Interest Legal Support and Research Centre (PILSARC).

Louise Doswald-Beck, Switzerland
Professor Doswald-Beck is a member of the ICJ's Executive Committee. Professor Doswald-Beck previously served as Secretary General of the ICJ from March 2001 to August 2003. Since September 2003, Professor Doswald-Beck has been the Director of the Centre for International Humanitarian Law of the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva.

John Dowd, Australia
Justice Dowd is the Chairperson of the ICJ's Executive Committee. Justice Dowd has also participated in numerous ICJ fact-finding missions and trial observations, most recently to examine the administration of justice in East Timor in 2000. A judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales since 1994, Justice Dowd has played an important role in the development of the administration of justice in Australia and New Zealand. As a member of the Parliament, both in government and in opposition from 1975 to 1991, he served in numerous capacities including as Attorney General responsible for the Ministry of Justice and as a member of the Select Committee on Appointment of High Court Judges.

Jochen A. Frowein, Germany
Professor Frowein is a member of the ICJ's Executive Committee. A leading human rights and legal expert, Professor Frowein has since 1962 been most famously associated with the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law in Heidelberg, Germany, of which he was the director. He was a Member of the European Commission of Human Rights of the Council of Europe from 1973 to 1993, where he held the position of Vice-President between 1981 and 1993.

Gustavo Gallón Giraldo, Colombia
Dr Gallón has been the Director of the Colombian Commission of Jurists since its creation in 1988 and is a member of the ICJ's Executive Committee. He is an ad-hoc judge of the Constitutional Court of Colombia and was also involved in his country's peace process as an independent expert of the "Commission for the overcoming of violence", created in 1991 by the peace agreements between the Colombian Government and two guerrilla groups. Furthermore, he was an independent expert of a subsequent Commission created in 1995 to propose a new military code for Colombia. He was also a Special Representative of the UN Human Rights Commission from 1999 to 2002.

Robert K. Goldman, United States of America
Robert K. Goldman is a Professor of Law, a Louis C. James Scholar and the Co-Director of the Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at the American University, Washington College of Law in Washington D.C. From 1996 to 2003 he was a member of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and served as its President from March 1999 to March 2000. In July of 2004, he was appointed as an Independent Expert on "the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms while countering terrorism" by the President of the UN Human Rights Commission.

Abu Seada Hafez, Egypt
Mr Hafez is the Secretary General of the Egyptian Organisation for Human Rights, for which he has worked for over a decade. He is also the International Federation for Human Rights Commissioner at the League of Arab States. An experienced lawyer, he is also a member of the National Council for Human Rights, heading the Complaints Committee of the National Council.

Nicholas Howen, Australia
Mr Howen was appointed Secretary General of the ICJ in 2004. A jurist with a comprehensive knowledge of international human rights law, he has more than twenty years of wide-ranging and practical human rights experience with leading non-governmental organizations, the United Nations and governments. He has led and represented organizations at the global level and in the field, notably in Asia-Pacific, Africa and Europe. Prior to assuming the office of Secretary General of the ICJ, Mr. Howen was based in Bangkok as the first Asia-Pacific Regional Representative for the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.

Hina Jilani, Pakistan
Ms Jilani is a lawyer specialized in human rights issues. In 1980 she founded the first women's law firm in Pakistan and in 1986 Pakistan's first legal aid centre. She has received several national and international awards, including the UNIFEM 2001 Millenium Peace Award for Women. She is an Advocate of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and the Secretary General of the Pakistan Human Rights Commission. Since 2000 Ms Jilani is the UN Special Representative on Human Rights Defenders.

David Kretzmer, Israel
David Kretzmer is Bruce W. Wayne Professor of International Law at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. His long and outstanding academic career has brought him to teach in numerous universities and he has published widely on human rights and humanitarian law. Between 1995 and 2002, he was an Expert Member of the UN Human Rights Committee. A trained lawyer, Professor Kretzmer was a law clerk to Justice Zvi Berinson at the Supreme Court of Israel in 1966 and was admitted to Israel Bar in 1968.

Elisa Massimino, USA
As Director of the Washington office, Elisa Massimino is an expert on international human rights issues. Before joining Human Rights First in 1991, Elisa taught philosophy at several universities in Michigan before embarking on a second career in law. As a litigation associate at the law firm of Hogan & Hartson, she was pro bono counsel for many human rights cases. She joined Human Rights First as a staff attorney in 1991 and has been Director of the Washington, D.C. office since 1997.

Rudolf Mellinghoff, Germany
Justice Mellinghoff, Vice-President of the German section of the ICJ, is a judge of the Federal Constitutional Court since January 2001. In his outstanding legal carried, he has served on the Federal Finance Court, the Constitutional Court of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania and the Higher Administrative court of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.

Kathurima M'Inoti, Kenya
Kathurima M'Inoti is an Advocate of the High Court of Kenya and the Chair of the Kenya Law Reform Commission. He is a former partner in the law firm of Kamau Kuria & Kiraitu Advocates, Nairobi, where he specialised in constitutional litigation. He was elected a Commissioner of the International Commission of Jurists in November 2003. He is also a former chair of the International Commission of Jurists - Kenya Chapter (1994-1999) and a former lecturer in the Department of Public Law at the University of Nairobi (1990-1993).

Karinna Moskalenko, Russia
Ms Karinna Moskalenko was elected to the Commission in April 2003. She is the Director of the International Protection Centre in Moscow, an ICJ affiliate organisation. Ms Moskalenko has won two cases brought before the UN Human Rights Committee and one before the European Court of Human Rights. She is a member of the Experts Council of the Russian Federation's Ombudsman Office, a the Moscow Helsinki Group and the Russian Lawyers' Committee in Defence of Human Rights.

Kerstin Müller, Germany
Ms Kerstin Müller has been the Minister of State at the Federal Foreign Office of Germany since October 2002. A jurist, she is a member of the Green Party and was elected to the German Bundestag in 1994. During 1994-1998 and 1998-2002 she held the Chair of the Alliance 90/The Greens Parliamentary Group.

Manfred Nowak, Austria
Professor Nowak was elected to the Commission in May 1995. He is Professor of Constitutional Law and Human Rights at the University of Vienna and Director of the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights (BIM). Since 1996, he has served as Judge at the Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo and, since 2000, as Chairperson of the European Master Programme on Human Rights and Democratization (EMA) in Venice.

Nigel Rodley, United Kingdom
Sir Nigel Rodley was elected to the Commission in April 2003 and to the ICJ's Executive Committee in April 2004. He is also a Council member of Justice, the British Section of the International Commission of Jurists. Sir Nigel Rodley is a long-standing Professor of Law at the University of Essex teaching Jurisprudence and International and Human Rights Law. In 2001, he was appointed as an Expert Member of the UN Human Rights Committee. Prior to this, he was the UN Commission on Human Rights' Special Rapporteur on Torture from 1993 to 2001. Sir Nigel Rodley is also a member of the Board of the European Human Rights Foundation, a founding member and former Executive Committee Vice-Chairman of INTERIGHTS and a member of the Executive Committee of the David Davies Memorial Institute of International Studies.

Roger Smith, UK
Justice Smith has served as the Director of Legal Education and Training Law Society from 1998 to 2001 and as Director of the Legal Action Group from 1986 to 1998. He was Solicitor for the Child Poverty Action Group between 1980 and 1986 and Director of the West Hampstead Law Centre from 1975 to 1979. Justice Smith is an Honorary Professor at the University of Kent. He is also author of various publications, particularly on publicly funded legal services and he has written widely on legal matters in the media. Justice Smith is a member of a public interest advisory panel, the Legal Services Commission.

Wilder Tayler, Uruguay
A Uruguayan lawyer, Wilder Tayler has been the Legal and Policy Director of Human Rights Watch since 1997. In 1995 - 1996 he worked as Program Director of the Americas Program at the International Secretariat of Amnesty International. Between 1989 and 1995 he was a Legal Advisor for Amnesty International with specific responsibilities for the Americas and Asia regions. Before that he was Executive Director and Legal Officer at the Institute for Legal and Social Studies in Uruguay.

Christian Tomuschat, Germany
Professor Tomuschat is an Honorary Member of the ICJ since 1996 and was a member between 1981-1996. Currently a professor of public law, international law and European law at the Humboldt University Berlin, he was a Member of the UN Human Rights Committee from 1977 to 1986 and a Member of the UN International Law Commission from 1985 to 1996. Professor Tomuschat was a Coordinator for the Commission on Historical Clarification in Guatemala from 1997 to 1999. He was a Judge at the Administrative Tribunal of Inter-American Development Bank from 1995 to 1997 and at the Administrative Tribunal of African Development Bank from 1999 to 2005. He is also a member of the Institut de droit international and was the President of the German Society of International Law from 1993 to 1997.

Mokhtar Trifi
Maître Trifi, a lawyer before the Cour de Cassation and the Conseil d'Etat of Tunisia, is the President of the Tunisian League for the Defence of Human Rights. He is also a member of the administration councils of the Arab Institute of Human Rights and the Arab Organisation of Human Rights. Before his career as a lawyer, Maître Trifi was a journalist, Secretary General of the Tunisian Association of Journalists, a member of the Bureau of the International Federation of Journalists and a member of the Bureau of the Union of Arab Journalists.

Theo Van Boven, Netherlands
Professor van Boven was elected to the Commission in October 1991 and served on the ICJ's Executive Committee between 1995 and 1998 and as Vice-President from 1998 to 2001. He is Special Rapporteur on Torture of the UN Commission on Human Rights. He was the Director of the United Nations Division of Human Rights from 1977-82 and a member of the UN Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities from 1975 to 1977 and again from 1987 to 1991. In addition, he was a member of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination from 1992 to 2000. Professor van Boven was also the first Registrar of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in 1994.

Georg Witschel, Germany
Ambassador Dr. Georg Witschel is the Federal Government Commissioner for Combating International Terrorism. Before taking up this office in April 2002, he served as a career diplomat in the UN Policy Division of the German Foreign Office, at Germany's UN Delegation in New York, in Ljubljana, Tel Aviv, and as political advisor in the Federal Chancellor's Office. A Ph.D. in International Law, Georg Witschel joined the German foreign service in 1983.

Leila Zerrougui, Algeria
Professor Zerrougui was elected to the ICJ Commission in February 2004 and is the President of the UN working group on Arbitrary Detention. Between 2000 and 2004, she was elected as expert to the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. Ms Zerrougui is a judge since 1980 and is currently exercising at the Supreme Court. She is also a professor at the Institut National de la Magistrature and has held positions at the Ministry of Justice and at the Presidency of the Republic of her country. Ms Zerrougui was a member of the National Commission on the Reform of Justice several bodies for the protection of children, the care of the victims of terrorism and the protection of women against violence.

Brigitte Zypries, Germany
Ms Brigitte Zypries was appointed Federal Minister of Germany in October 2002. Prior to her appointment, she was State Secretary in the Federal Ministry of the Interior and State Secretary in the Lower Saxon Ministry for Women, Labour and Social Affairs. She has also held positions as Director General in the State Chancellery of Lower Saxony, academic assistant at the Federal Constitutional Court and desk officer in the Hesse State Chancellery.