On 9 November, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Russia had violated the European Convention on Human Rights in two cases involving the enforced disappearance of three individuals in Chechnya. The Court found Russia violated the disappeared individuals’ rights to life, liberty and security as well as their relatives’ rights to be free from torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and to private and family life. The Court also found that Russia had violated the Convention by failing adequately to investigate the disappearances.