Dec 20, 2017 | News
From 9-13 December, a delegation from the ICJ visited the company Carbones del Cerrejón LLC (El Cerrejón) to analyse the operation and effectiveness of its grievance mechanism.
The company, owned by Glencore plc, Anglo American and BHP Billiton, is located in the department of La Guajira, Colombia. The visit took place within the framework of the ICJ’s initiative on the effectiveness of grievance mechanisms established by companies to remedy negative impacts and human rights abuses.
The ICJ appreciated the collaboration of the Institute of Studies for Development and Peace (INDEPAZ) in the organization and facilitation of the visit.
It also acknowledges and thanks the company Carbones del Cerrejón for the welcome and all the facilities provided to the mission as well as the information shared with the delegation.
The ICJ also thanks the communities of Afro-descendants, peasants and indigenous Wayuu who welcomed and spoke with it.
This statement contains preliminary views and recommendations from the delegation regarding the company’s grievance system and the context in which it operates.
Subsequently, the ICJ will prepare a full report and will use this evaluation in the context of a general evaluation and recommendations on operational level grievance mechanisms.
The objective of the mission was to learn about and analyse the operation of the grievance mechanism established by the company and to evaluate in a preliminary way its effectiveness.
Cerrejón is one of the companies in the coal mining sector that started the process of establishing grievance and / or complaint mechanisms early.
Between 2009 and 2011 it was part of five pilot projects carried out by a team of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary General on business and human rights.
Contextualize the mechanism: Coal mining in La Guajira
La Guajira – province of Colombia on the border with Venezuela – besides its natural beauty and the friendliness of its people surprises visitors by the sharp contrast it presents between the great wealth generated by the extraction of coal and the poverty prevalent among its population.
The majority percentage of the population of La Guajira is made up of indigenous Wayuu populations and Afro-descendant communities, who generally live in poverty.
There is a lack of water and of employment opportunities or economic activities that are not linked to the operations of El Cerrejón, which accentuates the apparent dependence of the regional economy on the extractive activity of coal and raises doubts and questions about sustainability of the regional economy sitting on these bases in the short, medium and long term.
The information received by the delegation of the ICJ points to corruption as one of the main factors that influence and determine the lack of better health and education services, infrastructure and economic investment in the region by the State.
Corruption is more visible among the political class. Senior officials of the regional government were or are currently being prosecuted for corruption and murder.
La Guajira has had eight different governors in five years, which is a destabilizing and paralyzing factor in a highly centralized political system of government.
In this context, although considerable efforts are made by various actors, including El Cerrejón, distrust among the population is significant.
El Cerrejón, which operates in La Guajira, is one of the largest open-pit coal mining operations in the world and has an integrated operation that includes the extraction of coal, its transport by private railroad to Puerto Bolivar (150 kilometers away) and its cargo and transportation to consumer countries.
About 40 percent of the coal exported by Colombia goes to European markets. El Cerrejón is presented as an example of responsible mining both in the Colombian coal mining region and in the world and it has recently developed a series of social responsibility policies, including a due diligence process in the field of human rights.
The ICJ was informed that the experience and lessons learned from the grievance mechanism have influenced the design of these policies.
Colombia-Cerrejon-grievance-assessment-News-2018-ENG (Full text in PDF)
Watch the video (in Spanish):
Dec 20, 2017 | Artículos, Noticias
Entre el 9 y el 13 de diciembre, una delegación de la CIJ visitó el departamento de La Guajira para analizar el funcionamiento y eficacia del mecanismo de quejas de la empresa Carbones del Cerrejón LLC (El Cerrejón), propiedad de Glencore plc, Anglo American y BHP Billiton.
La visita se realizó en el marco de la iniciativa de la CIJ sobre la eficacia de mecanismos de reclamación establecidos por empresas para remediar impactos negativos y abusos de derechos humanos.
Los miembros de la delegación eran: Comisionado de la CIJ Marco Sassoli, accompañado con Sr. Carlos Lopez, Asesor Legal Senior de la CIJ, y Sra Laura Knopfel, Investigadora.
El texto de la declaración: Declaracion final
Ver la video:
Dec 18, 2017 | Multimedia items, News, Video clips
Leaders of indigenous communities in Guatemala, seeking to protect their lands and natural resources from the negative impacts of business operations and infrastructure projects, have been charged with alleged criminal offences and in some instances arbitrarily detained.
This response is designed to silence voices of protest and legitimate demands for free, prior and informed consent for infrastructure or other projects in indigenous communities.
The video includes interviews with Ramón Cadena, ICJ Director for Central America, two indigenous traditional leaders, who have been the victims of arbitrary detention, and a women community leader, explaining the impact of the detention on the family and the whole community.
The criminalization of human rights work is a phenomenon whereby community leaders are charged with different criminal activities because of their opposition to a development model based on extractive industries or the privatization of essential social services.
This development model affects the natural resources (water, land and the environment) on indigenous peoples’ territories.
This is a global phenomenon and is particularly acute in Guatemala.
The exploitation of natural resources, such as open-cast mining and the operations of extractive industries in the territories of indigenous peoples, is one of the main reasons which are behind the crackdown on social protest and human rights work.
The different communities that have been affected seek to defend their territories and oppose the different forms of exploitation of the natural resources found on their territories or in the surrounding areas because it can affect the water supply, the land and the environment.
A number of leaders have been killed because of their opposition to these projects.
Some family members of those killed have in turn taken on the task of opposing these projects and they have also been charged with criminal offences.
In Guatemala, there is also an intense social conflict because of the way in which electricity services are delivered.
As a result of the privatization of the service in 1996, the Guatemalan State has granted concessions to national and international companies to provide electricity services.
Over the years, many users have complained about the poor quality and high cost of the services that these private companies provide.
The National Electricity Commission has failed to respect its legal duty to “ensure that the obligations of the concessionaries and contractors are fulfilled and to protect the rights of users,” which many discontented users have demanded.
The social protests concern the three different phases of electricity production: the generation of electricity, involving the construction of hydroelectric dams by multinational companies that impact on indigenous peoples’ territories, the electricity transmission grids, and the electricity services.
Because of this situation, many electricity users have declared that they are in resistance, citing article 45 of the Guatemalan Constitution that states: “It is legitimate for the people to resist in order to protect and defend the rights and guarantees enshrined in the Constitution.”
Acting on this Constitutional protection has led to human rights attacks on many community leaders, lawyers and human rights defenders.
The ICJ supports access to justice for persons who are victims of these human rights violations.
The ICJ supports lawyers who defend these victims of the criminalization of social protest; it carries our trial observations in significant cases; it promotes dialogue between the communities and the relevant State authorities as well as the local Mayors; and in some cases, it supports submissions before the Constitutional Court.
Dec 5, 2017 | News
Guatemalan indigenous and peasant communities are finally finding a measure of justice and recovering lands and territories that had previously been seized by authorities or private economic actors, including during the internal armed conflict that took place from 1960 to 1996.
The ICJ learned of these encouraging developments at a workshop it held jointly with the UN Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (OHCHR) at an International Workshop on strategic litigation in the defense of land and territory, in Guatemala City, between 9 and 10 November.
One of the successful stories, told by Don Pedro Herrera, a community leader from Tzalbal community, municipality of Nebaj, Department of Quiché (Northern Guatemala), concerns a favourable decision by a first instance judge in Nebaj, in August 2016, ordering the restitution of some 1485 hectares (33 caballerias in the old measurement system still in use in Central America) to the Tzalbal communities.
The decision is under appeal before Guatemala’s Constitutional Court, but the Workshop heard that it had already boosted morale and hope among members of local communities on prospects for restitution for violations of their land rights.
The 33 caballerias had been segregated from the rest of municipal and community land in around 1984, in the midst of the Guatemalan civil war and as part of the counter-insurgency plans drawn by the military rulers purportedly to create loyal villages in the frontline to combat insurgency.
Most members of the community at the time had fled their homes, fearing for their lives that were threatened by both the armed insurgency and State military forces.
The de facto local authorities were coerced into signing documents agreeing to the separation of the land, but much of the population had remained unconcerned with the operation.
However, in 2011 FONTIERRAS, the government land authority, revealed to the community that their land had in fact been registered as State property following the forced separation in 1984.
Since then, Tzalbal communities started to take concerted action to recover the lands that they considered to be lawfully theirs and were the places where they maintained their homes and livelihood.
Tzalbal communities have some 70 families with some 500 people of all ages. When they learned that the land they traditionally possessed was “legally” the property of the State of Guatemala, they approached the ICJ- to provide legal assistance.
An Amparo constitutional writ was filed on behalf of the Tzalbal communities requesting the court to protect the rights of property and due process under the Guatemalan Constitution and declare the entry of land property in favour of the State in the land register invalid.
In August 2016, the first instance judge ruled in favour of the communities and ordered the register to amend the entry into the land registry. However, the State representatives have appealed against the ruling and a public hearing on the case took place the first week of November 2017. A final decision on the case by the Constitutional Court is now awaited.
Land, territory and resources are crucial assets for the survival and well being of indigenous and other local communities in Guatemala and other countries. For indigenous peoples, there is also an inherent and special relationship with land and territory which many times acquires religious and cultural significance. At the Workshop on Strategic Litigation, several other groups explained how they carry on their fight for justice and in defense of their land and territory.
Several of those groups recognized the instrumental assistance from the Guatemala office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, which through its Maya Programme provides advice and support to local communities in their defense of land and territory.
One case under discussion, still underway, concerns the legal challenge to the Environmental Impact Assessment carried out by the Island Oil Company pursuant an oil exploration and exploitation contract with the government involving five municipalities of El Petén department. El Petén is the location of the largest biosphere reserve in Guatemala, where, curiously, human settlements are not allowed but some oil companies are authorized to carry out operations.
The legal battle has been led by Qeqchi, Mopan and Itza peoples and supported by the Maya Programme. An administrative remedy known as opposition was filed before MARN, the national authority for the preservation of the environment, alleging the violation of rights such as lack of consultation and consent from local communities. The administrative authority ruled in favour of the plaintiffs and ordered the exploration to stop until regulatory requirements are fully complied with.
Over time, the work of the ICJ and other groups, taken in coordination with the UN human rights office in Guatemala, has begun to show results.
More and more communities are taking concrete steps to legally challenge the actions or laws that cause or perpetuate their dispossession of their traditional land and territory.
Dec 5, 2017 | Artículos, Noticias
Las comunidades indígenas y campesinas guatemaltecas finalmente obtienen algo de justicia y recuperan tierras y territorios que anteriormente habían sido tomados por autoridades o actores económicos privados, incluso durante el conflicto armado interno que entre 1960 y 1996.
La CIJ pudo constatar estos desarrollos alentadores en un taller que organizó conjuntamente con la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH): Taller Internacional sobre litigios estratégicos en defensa de la tierra y el territorio, en la ciudad de Guatemala, entre 9 y 10 Noviembre 2017.
Una de las historias exitosas, contada por Don Pedro Herrera, un líder comunitario de la comunidad Tzalbal, municipio de Nebaj, departamento de Quiché (norte de Guatemala), se refiere a una decisión judicial favorable de un juez de primera instancia en Nebaj, de fecha Agosto de 2016, ordenando la restitución de unas 1485 hectáreas (33 caballerías en el antiguo sistema de medición aún en uso en América Central) a las comunidades de Tzalbal.
La decisión está en apelación ante el Tribunal Constitucional de Guatemala, pero en el Taller se dijo que ya había levantado la moral y esperanza entre los miembros de las comunidades locales sobre de la perspectivas de restitución de su tierra apropiada en violación de sus derechos a la tierra.
Las 33 caballerías fueron separadas del resto de las tierras municipales y comunitarias alrededor de 1984, en medio de la guerra civil guatemalteca y como parte de los planes de contra-insurgencia elaborados por los gobernantes militares, supuestamente para crear aldeas leales en la línea de frente de combate a la insurgencia armada.
La mayoría de los miembros de la comunidad en ese momento habían huido de sus hogares, temiendo por sus vidas que estaban amenazadas tanto por la insurgencia armada como por las fuerzas militares del Estado.
Las autoridades locales de facto fueron obligadas a firmar documentos que aceptaban la separación de la tierra, pero la mayor parte de la población no se preocupó por la operación.
Sin embargo, en el año 2011, FONTIERRAS, la autoridad de tierras del gobierno, reveló a la comunidad que las tierras habían sido registradas como propiedad del Estado luego de la separación forzada ocurrida en 1984.
Desde entonces, las comunidades de Tzalbal comenzaron a tomar medidas concertadas para recuperar las tierras que consideraban legítimamente suyas y son los lugares donde mantenían sus hogares y obtenían sus medios de subsistencia.
Las comunidades de Tzalbal tienen unas 70 familias con unas 500 personas de todas las edades. Cuando se enteraron de que la tierra que tradicionalmente poseían era “legalmente” propiedad del Estado de Guatemala, se acercaron a la CIJ para solicitar asistencia jurídica.
Se presentó un recurso constitucional de Amparo en nombre de las comunidades de Tzalbal solicitando al tribunal que proteja los derechos de propiedad y el debido proceso bajo la Constitución guatemalteca y declare inválida la inscripción de propiedad de la tierra a favor del Estado en el Registro de la Propiedad.
En Agosto de 2016, el juez de primera instancia se pronunció en favor de las comunidades y ordenó que el registro modificara la inscripción en el registro de la propiedad.
Sin embargo, los representantes del Estado han apelado contra el fallo y se llevó a cabo una audiencia pública sobre el caso la primera semana de Noviembre de 2017.
Ahora se espera una decisión final por parte del Tribunal Constitucional.
La tierra, el territorio y los recursos son activos cruciales para la supervivencia y el bienestar de las comunidades indígenas y otras comunidades locales en Guatemala y otros países.
Para los pueblos indígenas también existe una relación inherente y especial con la tierra y el territorio que muchas veces adquiere un significado religioso y cultural.
En el Taller sobre Litigios Estratégicos, varios otros grupos explicaron cómo continúan su lucha por la justicia y en defensa de su tierra y territorio.
Varios de esos grupos reconocieron la asistencia instrumental de la oficina en Guatemala del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, que a través de su Programa Maya brinda asesoramiento y apoyo a las comunidades locales en su defensa de la tierra y el territorio.
Un caso en discusión, todavía en curso, se refiere a la impugnación legal de la Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental llevada a cabo por Island Oil Company en virtud de un contrato de exploración y explotación petrolera con el gobierno que involucra a cinco municipios del departamento de El Petén.
El Petén es la ubicación de la mayor reserva de la biosfera en Guatemala, donde, curiosamente, los asentamientos humanos no están permitidos pero algunas compañías petroleras están autorizadas para llevar a cabo operaciones.
La batalla legal ha sido liderada por los pueblos Qeqchi, Mopan e Itza y respaldada por el Programa Maya. Se presentó un recurso administrativo conocido como oposición ante el MARN, la autoridad nacional para la preservación del medio ambiente, alegando violaciones de derechos como la falta de consulta y consentimiento de las comunidades locales.
La autoridad administrativa falló a favor de los demandantes y ordenó que la exploración se detuviera hasta que se cumplieran los requisitos reglamentarios.
Con el tiempo, el trabajo de la CIJ y otros grupos, realizado en coordinación con la oficina de derechos humanos de la ONU en Guatemala, ha comenzado a mostrar resultados.
Cada vez más comunidades están tomando medidas concretas para desafiar legalmente las acciones o leyes que causan o perpetúan el despojo de sus tierras y territorios tradicionales.
