Oct 31, 2019 | Editorial, Noticias
Una opinión editorial de Alejandro Salinas Rivera, Comisionado chileno de la CIJ
La desigualdad social, la desconfianza en las instituciones públicas y la falta de goce efectivo de los derechos económicos y sociales, son las raíces de las recientes protestas en Chile.
Los orígenes de las protestas reflejan tres problemas estructurales del modelo político y social del Estado chileno: la desigualdad social a pesar del éxito económico del país, la desconfianza en las instituciones públicas, y la insuficiente capacidad del Estado para garantizar los derechos económicos y sociales.
Además, el país enfrenta frustraciones que quedaron desde la época de la dictadura, y problemas que se han evidenciado durante la época democrática.
En efecto, los derechos no están garantizados de manera uniforme para toda la población chilena. Por ejemplo, algunas personas acceden a servicios de salud que son similares a aquéllos proporcionados en países desarrollados, mientras que otras acceden a servicios de muy baja calidad.
También, la educación se garantiza de manera desigual: la educación pública es costosa y las tasas universitarias son muy altas para la mayoría de la población.
Además, las municipalidades están clasificados entre ricas y pobres, y la infraestructura y la calidad de las carreteras cambian según el barrio. ¿Es todo esto justo? No. Entonces, ¿por qué hay tantas desigualdades entre la población chilena?
Este contexto ha generado que la ciudadanía no confíe en que las instituciones públicas garantizarán sus derechos, y la desesperanza ha impregnado a muchas personas.
Protestas sociales actuales: ¿qué se puede hacer?
Desde hace unas semanas Chile vive un estallido de protesta social. El hecho desencadenante fue el anuncio del 6 de octubre por parte del gobierno chileno de aumentar los precios del metro de Santiago; pero, las protestas están relacionadas con la desigualdad social y la desconfianza en las instituciones públicas.
Después de ese anuncio gubernamental, algunas personas, principalmente estudiantes, evadieron continuamente el pago de las tarifas del metro, y las fuerzas policiales (Carabineros) fueron enviadas para detener dicha evasión.
Así, las acciones de evasión escalaron, y en la noche del 18 de octubre, surgieron masivamente protestas sociales en diferentes ciudades del país que, aún hoy, no han cesado.
La respuesta inicial del presidente Sebastián Piñera fue decretar un estado de emergencia, un toque de queda y desplegar a las fuerzas militares a algunas calles.
Frente a esto, los manifestantes aumentaron y las protestas continuaron y se expandieron a distintas regiones del país.
Se han presentado serias denuncias sobre el uso excesivo de la fuerza por parte de las fuerzas policiales, así como, posibles detenciones arbitrarias ocurridas durante las manifestaciones. Esto requiere que el Estado chileno, en cumplimiento de estándares internacionales, realice una investigación adecuada y efectiva y si la evidencia lo amerita, enjuicie a los responsables.
Por otro lado, si bien la mayoría de protestas han sido pacíficas, algunos manifestantes han cometido actos violentos. Esto no deslegitima la protesta social, pero es necesario que se rechace esta violencia.
Ahora bien, después de más de 13 días de protestas sociales, el gobierno no ha podido generar las condiciones requeridas para concretar un pacto político y social que incluya otras fuerzas políticas, y le permita solucionar de manera adecuada la crisis. Las fuerzas de oposición política, además, tampoco han sido suficientemente generosas en este caso.
Asimismo, la sociedad civil debe brindar alternativas para abordar esta crisis.
En suma, debe haber una solución política que enfrente las raíces de las protestas. Los políticos deben reconocer el descontento social y enfrentarlo a pesar de sus diferencias. Deben converger en un acuerdo social y político que responda, con urgencia, a las demandas sociales en materia de equidad, justicia y solidaridad, así como, a la necesidad de aumentar la confianza en las instituciones públicas.
Por último, los políticos y las instituciones públicas deben garantizar los derechos económicos y sociales de la población, para lo cual, es necesario adoptar las reformas legales requeridas y promulgar políticas públicas que permitan superar la desigualdad social.
Oct 21, 2019 | News
A new briefing paper by the ICJ calls upon Myanmar authorities to ensure that the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief and respect for culture and tradition are never used as pretexts to justify discrimination and violence in the country.
“The analysis in the ICJ’s paper makes clear why there is a pressing need for Myanmar authorities to undertake significant legal and practical reforms, to ensure that all people can exercise their freedom of religion and belief and enjoy equal protection of their human rights,” said Frederick Rawski, Asia Pacific Region Director for the ICJ.
The paper focuses its analysis on two particular sets of laws – the colonial era ‘blasphemy’ laws, which in recent years have also been used as one of the several measures to restrict free speech and the controversial ‘race and religions laws’ passed in the run up to the national elections in 2015, particularly those related to religious conversion and marriage of Buddhist women.
“The briefing paper highlights a number of laws in Myanmar that impair the enjoyment of the right to freedom of religion or belief’’, said Canadian Member of Parliament David Anderson, Chair of the International Panel of Parliamentarians for Freedom of Religion or Belief Steering Committee, which supported production of the paper.
In recent years, Myanmar courts have convicted individuals under ‘blasphemy’ provisions even in the absence of any evidence of deliberate and malicious intent to insult a religion, let alone on the basis of irrefutable evidence of incitement to violence, hostility or discrimination on religious grounds.
In addition to the use of colonial-era blasphemy laws, Myanmar has a more recent set of four laws that appear to specifically target non-Buddhists, and particularly the Muslim community. While all four laws give rise to concerns about the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief, the laws related to conversion and marriage are the most problematic.
The briefing paper also identifies a number of other challenges related to the protection and promotion of the right to freedom of religion or belief in Myanmar. These include:
- Highly discriminatory legal arrangements for citizenship and the rights of residents in Myanmar;
- Arbitrary restrictions on places of worship, mostly for Christians and Muslims;
- Preferential treatment of Buddhism, for example in the national school curriculum.
In light of these challenges, the briefing paper offers 11 key recommendations to the Government of Myanmar in ensuring that Myanmar’s legal framework is implemented in accordance with international human rights law and fully protects the right to freedom of religion or belief.
This report is part of a series of ICJ publications on the right to freedom of religion or belief.
Contact
Frederick Rawski, Asia Pacific Director for the ICJ, frederick.rawski(a)icj.org
Liv H. Kvanvig, Coordinator, IPPFoRB, lk(a)nhc.no
Palak Rao, Communications and Advocacy Adviser, IPPFoRB, pr(a)nhc.no
Download
New Briefing paper on Challenges to Freedom of Religion or Belief in Myanmar
See also
New primer on Freedom of Religion or Belief in International Human Rights Law
New Briefing paper on Challenges to Freedom of Religion or Belief in Malaysia
Oct 18, 2019 | News
The ICJ and the International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) have jointly sent an international observer to attend the third hearing of the criminal trial on the “Gezi Park” protest at the Silivri Prison Courthouse in Istanbul, scheduled to take place on 18 October 2019.
The ICJ and IBAHRI observer will be monitoring a trial hearing before İstanbul 30th Assize Court with prinicipal defendant Osman Kavala, and 15 others; Ali Hakan Altınay, Ayşe Mücella Yapıcı, Ayşe Pınar Alabora, Can Dündar, Çiğdem Mater Utku, Gökçe Yılmaz, Handan Meltem Arıkan, Hanzade Hikmet Germiyanoğlu, İnanç Ekmekci, Memet Ali Alabora, Mine Özerden, Şerafettin Can Atalay, Tayfun Kahraman, Yiğit Aksakoğlu and Yiğit Ali Ekmekçi.
The observer will report directly to the IBAHRI and ICJ Secretariats on the proceedings following the mission.
The Gezi Park protests began in May 2013 as an effort by a group of environmentalists to save a park in central Istanbul from being rezoned, but soon turned into nationwide demonstrations.
The protest was quelled by police with the use of tear gas and water cannons against the protesters in Taksim Square. Following a six-year investigation into the events, the 657-page indictment issued by the Istanbul Chief Public Prosecutor’s Office was accepted by the 30th A Court in Istanbul on 4 March 2019.
The defendants are to be charged under Turkish Criminal Code Article 312 (attempt to overthrow the Turkish Government or attempt to prevent it from fulfilling its duties), Article 151 (damage to property), Article 152 (qualified damage to property), Article 174 (possession or exchange of hazardous substances without permission), Article 153 (damaging places of worship and cemeteries), Article 149 (qualified robbery), Article 86 (intentional injury); crimes under the Law on Firearms, Knives and Other Tools no. 6136, and crimes under the Law on Protection of Cultural and Natural Assets no. 2863.
Contact:
Massimo Frigo, Senior Legal Adviser, t: +41 22 979 38 05 – e: massimo.frigo(a)icj.org
Oct 16, 2019
In an open letter, the ICJ and 139 other groups are calling the authorities of the United Arab Emirates to immediately and unconditionally release human right defender and 2015 Martin Ennals Award Laureate Ahmed Mansoor.
The full letter can be downloaded below in English and Arabic.
UAE-Free Ahmed Mansoor-Advocacy-Open letters-2019-ENG (English version, PDF)
UAE-Free Ahmed Mansoor-Advocacy-Open letters-2019-ARA (Arabic version, PDF)
Oct 3, 2019 | News
Today, the ICJ, the Regional office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) for Central Asia and the High School of Judges of the Republic of Uzbekistan (HSJ) are organizing a national training on “International law on economic, social and cultural (ESC) rights.”
This two-day training is one of series of similar trainings, held in 2019 and 2020, that will address international law on issues including rights to healthcare, education, housing and rights in the workplace.
The training sessions aim to build the capacity of judges, lawyers, prosecutors, legal academics and other representatives of the civil society on international standards on ESC rights, to share best practices on compliance by States with their international obligations, including through judicial practices related to ensuring access to justice for ESC rights.
The training sessions ensure diversity and networking opportunities between members of the judiciary and others legal practitioners.
Each training consists of four modules on (1) introduction to international law on ESC rights; (2) International obligations concerning access to justice and remedies for ESC rights in national courts; comparative examples of good practice; (3) Children’s ESC rights and (4) Women’s ESC rights.
Head of the EU Delegation in Uzbekistan Ambassador Eduards Stiprais pointed out, “Uzbekistan is taking serious international commitments to align its legislation with international norms and practices. Under Uzbekistan Constitution, these international commitments take precedence over the national law. They will reinforce the rights of Uzbekistan citizens and international investors. This will boost the economic and social development of the nation, but it will also put high demands to the judiciary system to ensure that its decisions fully comply with international norms and offer remedies against all breaches.”
Ryszard Komenda, OHCHR Regional Representative for Central Asia, noted that “Uzbekistan since 1995 has committed itself to ensure implementation of provisions of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).
To date, Uzbekistan has already submitted three national periodic reports on implementation of the Covenant. The third national report was submitted in June 2019 and will be reviewed after 2020.
The UN Committee, tasked to oversee states’ compliance with their commitments under the ICESCR, has issued a number of recommendations for Uzbekistan.
Many of them highlight the instrumental role of training on economic, social and cultural rights as a means to build capacity of state actors to respect, protect and fulfil human rights.
Only through comprehensive understanding of the content of each right and realizing that all human rights are interrelated, indivisible and interdependent, it will be possible to guarantee holistic implementation of existing international human rights obligations of Uzbekistan”.
“These trainings are an important part of capacity building which is essential in ensuring the effectiveness of the reform of the judiciary,” said Róisín Pillay, Europe and Central Asia Programme Director of the ICJ.
“It is vital to build capacity of different actors of the justice system: members of the judiciary, law enforcement agencies, lawyers and civil society, to ensure a greater impact. Together with the OHCHR and the Supreme School of Judges and the great support of the EU Delegation in Uzbekistan, we could provide the space necessary for learning about international human rights law and, in particular, its various aspects related to economic, social and cultural rights,” she added.
The Director of the Higher School of Judges briefly spoke about the activities of the Supreme School of Judges (SSJ), and also noted the recent arrival of the UN Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, Mr. Diego Garcia Sayan, who paid special attention to the establishment of the SSJ, along with other judiciary reforms in Uzbekistan.
“The international seminar in which we have gathered today gives us the opportunity to establish networking with other organizations and bodies through promotion of economic, social and cultural rights. The exchange of ideas and experience in the necessity of the modern world, for the mutual development of the judiciary, education and the society as such,” said Khodji-Murod Isakov, the Director of the Higher School of Judges.
The national trainings are organized in the framework of project “Advancing Civil Society in Promoting ESCR Standards (ACCESS)” funded by EU through the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR).
There will be two more similar trainings in 2020 and all trainings materials at the end will be translated into Russian and Uzbek languages for further reference and use. Moreover, the trainings materials will be publicly available in 2020 for wider outreach and promotion of international law and ESC rights standards.
Contact
Dilfuza Kurolova, ICJ Legal consultant, t: +998 90 9050099 ; e: dilfuza.kurolova(a)icj.org
Download
Uzbekistan-National Training ESCR-News-2019-ENG (full story in PDF)
International law on economic, social and cultural (ESC) rights (4 training modules in Russian – PDF).
