Sep 1, 2017 | News
Today the Supreme Court of Kenya took the unprecedented step of voiding the presidential elections held on 8 August 2017 citing the failure by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) to adhere to constitutionally mandated processes.
The ICJ commends the Supreme Court of Kenya for adjudication of a sensitive case at a high professional standards amidst a charged political atmosphere.
The ICJ in partnership with the Africa Judges and Jurists Forum (AJJF) sent a mission of three distinguished judges to observe the proceedings during the presidential petition in Kenya.
The delegation consisted of Retired Chief Justice Earnest Sakala (Zambia), Justice Dingake (Botswana) and Justice Chinhengo (Zimbabwe).
The mission’s observations will be publicized in due course.
Kenya held national elections on 8 August 2017 administered by the IEBC.
The IEBC subsequently announced that Uhuru Kenyatta had won the elections with a 54% majority.
The opposition National Super Alliance Coalition led by Raila Odinga filed an election petition alleging serious irregularities in the tabulation and transmission of the results of the elections and asking the court to nullify the results and order fresh elections.
The Supreme Court heard the election petitition culminating in the decision that was handed down today.
According to the observers, the court conducted the hearing in a manner consistent with the rule of law and that adhered to the Kenyan Constitution and international principles of a fair trial.
The Court gave acted fully as a competent, independent and impartial judicial body.
“The decision taken by the Supreme Court today is precedent setting. It places a cost on the election management body for apparently failing to adhere to constitutional imperatives and the normative framework governing the conduct of elections,” said Arnold Tsunga, Africa Director of the ICJ.
“Elections are a high stakes subject in Kenya, as elsewhere in the world. Previous elections have shown that violence and multiple human rights violations increase during the election period. We therefore encourage the political leaders in Kenya to accept the court’s verdict and to encourage their supporters to exercise maximum restraint and tolerance as the country braces itself for fresh elections,” he added.
Finally the ICJ urges the authorities in Kenya and the IEBC to quickly comply with and implement the court’s judgement.
Contact
Arnold Tsunga, ICJ Director for Africa, t: +27716405926 ; e: arnold.tsunga@icj.org
Jul 25, 2017 | News
The ICJ is concerned with the passing of Constitutional Amendment no. 1 of 2017 by the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe on 25 July 2017.
The House of Assembly voted with over two-thirds majority for the amendment of the Zimbabwean Constitution.
The amendment grants the President the right to appoint to office, the Judge President of the High Court, the Deputy Chief Justice and the Chief Justice of Zimbabwe.
Before this amendment the Judicial Services Commission (JSC) spearheaded the process of selection and appointment of judges with the President merely appointing from candidates recommended to him by the JSC.
The enactment of this Bill to law is likely to have a negative effect on the public’s perception of the judiciary. It also has the potential to affect the impartiality and the independence of the judiciary.
“The amendment to the 2013 Constitution will negatively affect public confidence in the judiciary. Not only is this a departure from a position that was in line with international standards and best practices; the amendment is likely to have a ripple effect on the judiciary,” said Arnold Tsunga, the ICJ Africa Director.
“In the short term the executive now has a carrot, which it can dangle in front of judicial officers. If a judge wants to be promoted to Judge President, Deputy Chief Justice or Chief they may have to align themselves with the thinking of the executive. Over time, given the central roles that these three office bearers play in the appointment process and thought leadership, Zimbabwe is likely to have a very executive minded bench,” he added.
To this end the ICJ calls upon the government of Zimbabwe to reconsider its decision to amend the Constitution in the manner proposed in the bill.
The procedure in section 180 of the constitution had distinguished Zimbabwe’s appointment procedures as exemplary in the region.
It is unfortunate that through this amendment the country has failed to consolidate this leadership position.
The amendment would be regressive and poses a real risk of undermining the essential role of the judiciary in securing the rule of law in Zimbabwe.
Zimbabwe-Constitutional Amendment-News-web stories-2017-ENG (full statement, in PDF)
Apr 27, 2017 | Communiqués de presse, Nouvelles
Pour la CIJ et deux autres groupes de défense des droits humains, la confirmation en appel de la condamnation de l’ancien président tchadien pour crimes contre l’humanité, crimes de guerre et torture est la conclusion d’une longue campagne menée par les survivants du régime.
La condamnation de Habré en mai 2016 a été confirmée par la Cour d’appel des Chambres africaines extraordinaires au sein des juridictions sénégalaises le 27 avril 2017.
La Cour a également réaffirmé la sentence de perpétuité prononcée par la Chambre d’assises et a ordonné le paiement de 82 milliards de francs CFA (environ 123 millions d’euros) par Habré aux victimes.
« C’est une consécration pour les victimes de Hissène Habré qui, en 26 ans de lutte, n’ont jamais cessé de se battre pour le faire traduire en justice » a déclaré Reed Brody, avocat américain et membre la Commission internationale des juristes, qui travaille aux côtés des survivants depuis 1999.
« Cette condamnation définitive envoie un signal fort aux tyrans, à travers le monde, leur rappelant que s’ils commettent des atrocités, ils ne seront jamais hors de portée de leurs victimes, » a-t-il ajouté.
La Chambre d’appel a également confirmé la décision ordonnant de payer des réparations aux victimes et a précisé que l’argent devait être distribué via un Fonds créé par l’Union africaine (UA) qui sera chargé de chercher et recouvrer les avoirs de Habré.
Un résumé de la décision a été lu en audience par le Président de la Cour, Ouagadeye Wafi, un juge de la Cour suprême du Mali. La Cour était composée de Wafi et de deux juges sénégalais.
Habré, qui a dirigé le Tchad de 1982 à 1990, n’était pas présent lorsque le jugement a été rendu.
Habré n’a jamais reconnu l’autorité des Chambres et est resté silencieux tout au long du procès. Ses avocats commis d’office ont interjeté appel en son nom.
Habré a fui au Sénégal en 1990, après qu’il ait été renversé par l’actuel président du Tchad Idriss Déby Itno.
Bien qu’il ait été arrêté et inculpé une première fois au Sénégal en 2000, une campagne de longue haleine a dû être menée par ses victimes avant que les Chambres africaines extraordinaires ne soient inaugurées par le Sénégal et l’UA en février 2013, pour juger des crimes internationaux commis au Tchad sous le régime de Hissène Habré.
« Depuis que je suis sorti de prison, il y a plus de 26 ans, je me suis battu pour que justice soit faite, » a déclaré Souleymane Guengueng, qui faillit mourir de mauvais traitements et de maladie dans les geôles de Habré, et qui a fondé l’Association des victimes des crimes du régime de Hissène Habré (AVCRHH). « Aujourd’hui, je me sens enfin libre. »
C’est la première fois que les tribunaux d’un État jugent l’ancien dirigeant d’un autre État pour des violations des droits humains.
La Chambre d’appel a jugé que bien qu’elle considérait crédible Khadidja Hassan Zidane, qui a déclaré que Habré l’avait violée à quatre occasions, elle ne pouvait pas condamner Habré d’avoir commis des viols car cette inculpation ne figurait pas dans l’acte d’accusation.
« Après 26 ans d’obstination, et presqu’autant d’années de procédure judiciaire, notre combat a enfin abouti, » a déclaré Jacqueline Moudeina, avocate principale des victimes et présidente de l’Association tchadienne pour la promotion et la défense des droits de l’Homme (ATPDH).
Des réparations octroyées aux victimes
Dans la décision rendue aujourd’hui, la Cour d’appel a confirmé la décision de la Chambre d’assises accordant à chaque survivante de viol et d’esclavage sexuel 20 million de francs CFA (environ 30 490 euros / 32 702 US dollars), à chaque survivant de tortures et de détention arbitraire ainsi qu’aux anciens prisonniers de guerre 15 millions de francs CFA (22 867 euros / 24 526 US dollars) et 10 millions aux victimes indirectes (15 244 euros / 16 350 US dollars).
La Cour a déclaré que 7 396 victimes étaient éligibles à recevoir des réparations et que les 3 489, qui n’ont pas fourni de documentation suffisante, pourraient s’adresser au Fonds créé par l’UA.
La Cour a déjà gelé certains avoirs de Habré, dont une maison dans les quartiers huppés de Dakar estimée à environ 680 000 euros ainsi que des petites sommes sur plusieurs comptes en banque.
Il est probable que Habré possède davantage d’actifs.
« L’argent ne me rendra jamais mes amis, » a déclaré Clément Abaïfouta, ancien prisonnier qui était forcé d’enterrer les corps de détenus dans des fosses communes et actuellement président de l’association des victimes. « Mais l’argent est important pour guérir les blessures, pour sortir les victimes de la pauvreté, et montrer que nous avons des droits qui doivent être reconnus. »
« Grâce à ce verdict, nous pouvons maintenant essayer de localiser et de saisir les avoirs de Habré et s’assurer que les victimes reçoivent bien réparation de leur préjudice, » a déclaré Me Moudeina.
Contact
Reed Brody, Commissaire de la CIJ, t: +1-917-388-6745 ; e: reedbrody(a)gmail.com
Tchad-Hissene Habre peine confirmee-News-Press Releases-2017-FRE (texte intégral, en PDF)
Apr 27, 2017 | News
An appeals court’s confirmation of the conviction for crimes against humanity, war crimes and torture of Hissène Habré, the former president of Chad, is a vindication of the decades-long campaign waged by his survivors, the ICJ and two human rights groups supporting the victims said today.
Habré’s May 2016 conviction was upheld by the appeals chamber of the Extraordinary African Chambers in the Senegalese court system on April 27, 2017.
The appeals court also confirmed the life sentence handed down by the trial court and ordered Habré to pay over 82 billion CFA francs (approximately 123 million euros) to his victims.
“This is a crowning victory for Hissène Habré’s victims, who for 26 years never gave up fighting to bring him to justice” said the ICJ Commissioner Reed Brody, who has worked with the survivors since 1999.
“His life sentence is a wake-up call to tyrants everywhere that if they engage in atrocities they will never be out of the reach of their victims,” he added.
The appeals court also upheld the decision to order compensation to Habré’s victims and said that a trust fund created by the African Union (AU) should be tasked with searching for and recovering Habré’s assets.
A summary of the decision was read out in court by chief judge Ougadeye Wafi, a judge of the Supreme court of Mail, who shared the bench with two senior Senegalese judges.
Habré, who ruled Chad from 1982 to 1990, was not in court for the judgment. He did not recognize the chambers’ authority and sat silently throughout the trial.
His court-appointed lawyers filed the appeal on his behalf.
Hissène Habré fled to Senegal in 1990 after being deposed by the current Chadian president, Idriss Déby Itno. Although Habré was first arrested and indicted in Senegal in 2000, it took a long campaign by his victims before the Extraordinary African Chambers were inaugurated by Senegal and the AU in February 2013 to prosecute crimes under international law committed in Chad during Habré’s rule.
“I have been fighting for this day since I walked out of prison more than 26 years ago,” said Souleymane Guengueng, who nearly died of mistreatment and disease in Habré’s prisons, and later founded the Association of Victims of Crimes of the Regime of Hissène Habré (AVCRHH). “Today I finally feel free.”
Habré’s trial was the first in the world in which the courts of one country prosecuted the former ruler of another for alleged human rights atrocities.
“At long last, after so many years of fighting, so many years of setbacks, we have achieved what we set out to do,” said Jacqueline Moudeina of Chad, the victims’ chief lawyer and president of the Chadian Association for the Promotion of Human Rights (ATPDH).
The appeals court said that while it accepted the credibility of the witness Khadidja Hassan Zidane who stated that Habré personally raped her on four occasions, it could not convict Habré of personal having committed rape because the charge was not included in the individual indictment.
In the ruling upheld today, the trial court awarded each survivor of rape and sexual slavery 20 million CFA francs (approximately 30,489 Euros, US$32,702), each survivor of torture and arbitrary detention and each mistreated former prisoner of war 15 million CFA francs (22,867 Euros, US$24,526), and family members of victims 10 million CFA francs (15,244 Euros, US$16,350).
It said that 7,396 victims were eligible for reparations and that 3,489 others who had not produced sufficient proof could apply to the trust fund.
The court has already frozen some assets belonging to Habré including a house in an upscale Dakar neighborhood believed to be worth about 680,000 Euros as well as some small bank accounts. Habré is thought to have much more extensive assets.
“Money will never bring back my friends,” said Clément Abaïfouta, who as a prisoner was forced to bury other detainees in mass graves, and is now president of the AVRCHH. “But money is important to heal the wounds, to take victims out of poverty, and to show that we have rights that must be recognized.”
“With this verdict, we can now try to locate and seize Habré’s assets and make sure the victims are compensated,” said lawyer Moudeina.
Contact
Reed Brody, ICJ Commissioner, t: +221-76-618-79-10 (in Dakar) or +1-917-388-6745 ; e: reedbrody(a)gmail.com
The full text of the press release can be downloaded in English and in French below:
Chad-HisseneHabre Conviction Upheld-News-Press Releases-2017-ENG (English, PDF)
Tchad-Hissene Habre peine confirmee-News-Press Releases-2017-FRE (Français, PDF)
Apr 10, 2017 | News
Zambia should reaffirm its membership in the International Criminal Court to best advance justice for victims of atrocities, a group of African organizations and international nongovernmental organizations – including the ICJ – with a presence in Africa said today.
Zambia’s government began public consultations on the country’s ICC membership the week of March 27, 2017.
This was in response to the African Union summit’s adoption in January of an “ICC withdrawal strategy.”
An unprecedented 16 countries, including Zambia, entered reservations to this decision.
Zambia has been a role model on the continent in matters of peace, democracy, and human rights. Leaving the ICC would erode the country’s leadership and threaten respect for the rights of victims of the most brutal crimes across Africa, the group of organizations said.
As a member of the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), Zambia has a proud history in the establishment of the ICC, they added.
SADC was active in the diplomatic conference in Rome in 1998 where the ICC’s treaty was finalized after six weeks of negotiations.
SADC members developed 10 principles for an effective, independent, and impartial court at a meeting in Pretoria in 1997.
The ICC is a groundbreaking achievement in the fight against impunity, the organizations said.
It is the first and only global criminal court that can prosecute individuals responsible for atrocities.
It is a court of last resort in that it has the authority to try genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity committed since 2002, but only when national courts are unable or unwilling to investigate and prosecute.
Since the court’s treaty opened for signature in 1998, 124 countries have become members.
Zambia signed the ICC’s Rome treaty on July 17, 1998, the day it opened for signature, and ratified the treaty on November 13, 2000.
The ICC faces many challenges in meeting the expectations of victims of mass atrocities and member countries, the organizations said.
Its inability to reach crimes committed in some powerful countries and their allies is a cause for deep concern, even as claims that the ICC is targeting Africa are not supported by the facts.
The court’s reach is limited to crimes committed on the territories of countries that have joined the court or offered the court authority on its territory, absent a referral by the United Nations Security Council.
The majority of ICC investigations in Africa have arisen in response to requests or grants of authority by governments in the countries where the crimes were committed – as in Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali, and Uganda – or through referrals by the UN Security Council – as in Darfur, Sudan and Libya.
The ICC has faced backlash from some African leaders since it issued arrest warrants for Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir for alleged genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity in Darfur in 2009 and 2010.
In 2016, evidence of the backlash reached new heights when South Africa, Burundi, and Gambia announced they would withdraw from the court, the first countries to take such action.
Gambia has rescinded its withdrawal and South Africa is also re-examining withdrawal, making Burundi the only country to have maintained its withdrawal.
Under the ICC Statute, withdrawal goes into effect one year after the state party submits a notification to the UN Secretary-General.
In the wake of the announced withdrawals, many African countries – including Botswana, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Tunisia – have affirmed their commitment to remain in the ICC and to work for any reform as ICC members.
The organizations encourage Zambia to reaffirm its support for the court, particularly in the absence of any functioning regional criminal court that can hold perpetrators to account.
The groups expressing support for Zambia’s continued ICC membership are:
Africa Legal Aid
Africa Centre for International Law and Accountability–Ghana
Centre for Accountability and Rule of Law–Sierra Leone
Centre for Democratic Development–Ghana
Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation (Malawi)
Civil Resource Development and Documentation Centre (Nigeria)
Coalition for the International Criminal Court
Fédération Internationale des Droits de l’Homme
Human Rights Watch
Institute for Security Studies
International Commission of Jurists
JEYAX Development and Training (South Africa)
Kenya Section of the International Commission of Jurists
Kenya Human Rights Commission
Nigerian Coalition for the ICC
Parliamentarians for Global Action
Southern African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (Zambia)
Southern Africa Litigation Centre (South Africa)
