Беларусь: необходимо прекратить политически мотивированное уголовное преследование адвокатов и лишение их статуса

Беларусь: необходимо прекратить политически мотивированное уголовное преследование адвокатов и лишение их статуса

Сегодня Международная комиссия юристов (МКЮ) призвала Министерство юстиции и иные компетентные органы Беларуси прекратить практику возбуждения дел в отношении адвокатов в отместку за выполнение ими своих профессиональных обязанностей, а также восстановить тех из них, кто уже лишился адвокатского статуса.

За последние месяцы был отмечен беспрецедентный рост случаев лишения статуса адвокатов на фоне массовых нарушений прав человека в отношении лиц, протестующих против широко обсуждаемых результатов президентских выборов 2020 года, – особенно тех адвокатов, которые заявляют о нарушениях прав человека в отношении своих клиентов. В числе последних случаев – лишение лицензии таких адвокатов, как Константин Михель, Максим Конон, Михаил Кирилюк и Юлия Иванчук.

«В последнее время целая волна уголовных и дисциплинарных дел в отношении адвокатов вызывает серьезную обеспокоенность и представляет собой посягательство на независимость адвокатуры. Подобные дела, будь то уголовные, административные или дисциплинарные, должны быть прекращены или пересмотрены как противоречащие международно-правовым стандартам независимости адвокатуры», – отметил Тимур Шакиров, старший правовой советник Региональной программы МКЮ по Европе и Центральной Азии.

Прослеживается четкая закономерность злоупотребления дисциплинарными процедурами в отношении адвокатов, которые защищают политических оппонентов или тех, кто открыто критикует правительство по вопросам общественной значимости. Дисциплинарное производство в отношении белорусских адвокатов не является независимым от исполнительной власти, так как осуществляется Квалификационной комиссией при Министерстве юстиции.

Примечательно, что в отношении адвоката Дмитрия Лаевского дисциплинарное производство было возбуждено предположительно после его публичных комментариев по готовящемуся законопроекту об изменении законодательства об адвокатской деятельности. Дмитрий Лаевский представлял интересы Виктора Бабарико, одного из лидеров белорусской оппозиции, который в настоящее время находится под стражей, и Максима Знака, бывшего представителя Марии Колесниковой, которая является еще одним из задержанных лидеров оппозиции.

Ранее ряд адвокатов, включая Александра Пыльченко, бывшего представителя Виктора Бабарико и Марии Колесниковой, а также Людмилу Казак, бывшего представителя Марии Колесниковой, были привлечены к дисциплинарной ответственности, и Людмиле Казак был назначен административный штраф в связи с выполнением ею своих профессиональных обязанностей.

Квалификационная комиссия вызвала нескольких адвокатов, отстаивающих права человека, для прохождения переаттестации на осуществление адвокатской деятельности, и они не сдали экзамен. Данная процедура, как представляется, предназначена для тех адвокатов, которые занимаются защитой прав человека, как инструмент преследования и возмездия.

Так, после публичных заявлений, сделанных в СМИ адвокатом Сергеем Зикрацким, который часто представлял интересы белорусских журналистов, адвоката вызвали для прохождения внеочередной переаттестации, которую он не прошел. Экзамен проводила Квалификационная комиссия.

Уголовные дела были возбуждены в отношении адвокатов Ильи Салея и Максима Знака, которые, как представляется, столкнулись с последствиями своей профессиональной деятельности, связанной с защитой интересов лидеров оппозиции Марии Колесниковой и Виктора Бабарико.

«Подобные случаи лишения адвокатского статуса оказывают существенное сдерживающее воздействие на работу адвокатов и подрывают способность адвокатуры отстаивать права человека в отношении своих клиентов в соответствии с международными стандартами, касающимися роли юристов», – добавил г-н Шакиров.

Справочная информация

Международное право и стандарты

В соответствии с Основными принципами ООН, касающимися роли юристов, государственные органы обязаны обеспечивать, чтобы юристы могли выполнять свои профессиональные обязанности в обстановке, свободной от угроз, препятствий, преследования и страха возмездия (Принцип 16). Основные принципы закрепляют, что юристы не должны подвергаться «судебному преследованию и судебным, административным, экономическим или другим санкциям за любые действия, совершенные в соответствии с признанными профессиональными обязанностями, нормами и этикой, а также угрозам такого преследования и санкций» (Принцип 16.c) Они также предусматривают, что юристы не должны отождествляться со своими клиентами и их интересами в результате выполнения своих функций (Принцип 18).

Международные нормы также требуют институциональной независимости адвокатуры. Исполнительный орган профессиональной ассоциации юристов должен избираться ее членами и выполнять свои функции без вмешательства извне (Принцип 24 Основных принципов ООН, касающихся роли юристов).

Belarus: stop politically motivated prosecution and disbarment of lawyers

Belarus: stop politically motivated prosecution and disbarment of lawyers

Today, the ICJ called on the Belarus Ministry of Justice and other relevant authorities to end the recent practice of using legal proceedings against lawyers in retaliation for discharging their professional duties and to reinstate those already disbarred.

In recent months, in the context of widespread violations of the human rights of those protesting against the outcome of the disputed 2020 presidential election, there has been an unprecedented increase of cases of disbarment of lawyers especially those who comment on violations of the human rights of their clients. Among the most recently disbarred lawyers are Konstantin Mikhel, Maxim Konon, Mikhail Kirilyuk and Yulia Ivanchuk.

“This recent wave of criminal and disciplinary proceedings against lawyers is highly worrying and it constitutes an attack on the independence of the legal profession. These proceedings, be they of criminal, administrative or disciplinary nature, should be discontinued or reconsidered as being contrary to the international human rights law concerning the independence of the legal profession,” said Temur Shakirov, Senior Legal Adviser of the ICJ Europe and Central Asia Programme.

There is a clear pattern of the misuse of disciplinary proceedings against lawyers who represent political opponents of the government or those who openly criticize the government on issues of public significance.

Disciplinary proceedings in Belarus are not independent of the executive, since they are conducted by the Qualification Commission which operates under the Ministry of Justice.

Notably, disciplinary proceedings are pending against lawyer Dmitry Layevski, allegedly following his public comments on a pending Draft Law on advocates’ activities.

Dmitry Layevski is a lawyer representing Victor Babaryko, an opposition leader in Belarus currently in detention, and Maxim Znak, former legal representative of Maria Kolesnikova, another detained opposition leader.

Earlier, a number of lawyers, including Aleksandr Pylchenko, former legal representative of Viktor Babaryko and Maria Kolesnikova, and Lyudmila Kazak, former legal representative of Maria Kolesnikova, faced disciplinary sanctions, and Lyudmila Kazak incurred an administrative fine, as a result of discharging their professional functions.

Several lawyers involved in human rights cases have been called by the Qualification Commission to undergo an examination to re-certify their qualification to practice law and have failed the exam. This procedure appears to target lawyers working to defend human rights, as a means of harassment or reprisal.

For example, following comments in mass media, Sergey Zikraskiy, a lawyer who often represented Belarusian journalists, was called to pass extraordinary re-examination which he failed. The certification is carried out by the Qualification Commission.

Criminal cases are still pending against lawyers Ilya Saley and Maxim Znak, who appear to have suffered consequences as a result of their representation of opposition leaders Maria Kolesnikova and Victor Babaryko.

 “These disbarments have a significant chilling effect on work of the legal profession and undermine the ability of lawyers to defend human rights of their clients in accordance with international standards on the role of lawyers,” Shakirov said.

Background

International law and standards 

According to the UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers, the State authorities must guarantee that lawyers are able carry out their professional functions without hindrance, intimidation, harassment or fear of retaliation (Principle 16). The UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers affirm that lawyers “shall not suffer, or be threatened with, prosecution or administrative, economic or other sanctions for any action taken in accordance with recognized professional duties, standards and ethics.” (Principle 16.c)  They further stipulate that lawyers must not be identified with their clients or their clients’ causes as a result of discharging their functions (Principle 18).

International standards also require the institutional independence of the legal profession.  The executive body of the professional associations of lawyers must be elected by its members and must exercise its functions without external interference (Principle 24, The UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers).

Tunisia: victims’ right to reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence must be at the forefront of the Specialized Criminal Chambers’ work

Tunisia: victims’ right to reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence must be at the forefront of the Specialized Criminal Chambers’ work

Victims of gross human rights violations must be provided with effective reparations and guarantees of non-recurrence by Tunisia’s Specialized Criminal Chambers (SCC), judges and prosecutors asserted during a workshop held by the ICJ and the Association of Tunisian Magistrates (AMT) on 3 and 4 April.

The workshop highlighted the need for the SCC to adopt restitution, compensation, rehabilitation and satisfaction measures to achieve to the fullest extent possible reparation for material and moral damage suffered by victims of gross human rights violations in Tunisia.

Participants further emphasized that SCC decisions should include recommendations on guarantees of non-recurrence, including on legal and institutional reforms.

The workshop was attended by more than 25 Tunisian judges and prosecutors attached to the 13 Specialized Criminal Chambers. Discussions involved also international experts and ICJ representatives.

“It is important that the SCC, consistent with international standards, adopt a comprehensive notion of victims and persons entitled to reparation,” said Philippe Texier, ICJ Commissioner.

“In this respect, reparative measures should  focus  not only on direct victims, but also indirect victims, including the immediate family or dependants of the direct victim and persons who have suffered harm in intervening to assist victims,” he added.

Federico Andreu-Guzmán, international expert, noted the non-derogable nature of the right to reparation under international law and that SCC should seek to ensure that all their decisions comply with this right.

“SCC decisions should include wide-reaching recommendations in order to guarantee that the violations will not be repeated,” said Said Benarbia, Director of ICJ’s Middle East and North Africa Programme.

The workshop also offered the opportunity to participants to discuss a set of recommendations targeting the High Judicial Council and its role in supporting the SCC.

The recommendations, which were developed by a group of SCC judges and prosecutors following the ICJ’s roundtable of 13-14 March, aim to find joint approaches to address ongoing procedural obstacles before the SCC and will be subject of future meetings and roundtable discussions organized by the ICJ and the AMT.

Contact

Valentina Cadelo, Legal Adviser, ICJ Middle East and North Africa Programme, e: valentina.cadelo(a)icj.org

Asser Khattab, Research and Communications’ Officer, ICJ Middle East and North Africa Programme, e: asser.khattab(a)icj.org

 

Thailand: NGO law would strike ‘severe blow’ to human rights

Thailand: NGO law would strike ‘severe blow’ to human rights

The Thai authorities’ adoption of a draft law to regulate non-profit groups would strike a severe blow to human rights in Thailand, several international organizations said today. The bill is the latest effort by the Thai government to pass repressive legislation to muzzle civil society groups and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).

The “Draft Act on the Operations of Not-for-Profit Organizations” contains provisions that would have a deeply damaging impact on those joining together to advocate for human rights in the country, in violation of their right to freedom of association and other rights. The Thai government provided a perfunctory and inadequate consultation process for the bill. Because of fundamental problems in the draft law, the authorities should withdraw the draft entirely and ensure that any future law regulating NGOs strictly adheres to international human rights law and standards, the organizations said.

“This draft law poses an existential threat to both established human rights organizations and grassroots community groups alike. If enacted, this law would strike a severe blow to human rights by giving the government the arbitrary power to ban groups and criminalize individuals it doesn’t like,” said Maria Chin Abdullah, member of ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights (APHR) and a Malaysian Member of Parliament (MP).

“This draft blatantly breaches Thailand’s own constitution and its human rights obligations. A thriving, independent and free civil society is an essential component of a rights-respecting, open society. The authorities should withdraw this deeply flawed draft and go back to the drawing board,” said Brad Adams, Director of Human Rights Watch’s Asia Division.

Arbitrary and vaguely-defined powers

According to the Draft Act (in Section 3), the government would have wide discretion as to which organizations will be exempted from the application of the law.

The Draft Act (in Section 4) also uses an overbroad definition of not-for-profit organizations (NPO), which has left it open to abusive and arbitrary application by the authorities.

The broad terms of the Draft Act would allow unequal treatment of certain disfavoured groups and carry dire consequences for associations critical of the government, with little scope to legally challenge government decisions. Groups as varied as academic institutions, community groups, sports associations, art galleries and ad hoc disaster relief collectives could be deemed to be NPOs and therefore be subject to the law’s mandatory registration requirement and potential criminal prosecution. The vague and overbroad definition of ‘not-for-profit organizations’ amounts to a violation of the “legality” principle, which requires any restriction to freedom of association and other fundamental freedoms be clearly “prescribed by law”.

Registered and unregistered groups alike must be allowed to function freely and be able to enjoy the right to freedom of association on equal terms. In order to enable individuals to exercise their right to freedom of association, States need to provide a simple, accessible, non-burdensome and non-discriminatory notification process for organizations to obtain their registration and must not require the authorities’ prior authorization.

“The draft law’s broad terms could be applied against virtually any group, no matter how small or informal,” said David Diaz-Jogeix, Senior Director of Programmes at ARTICLE 19. “If passed in its current form, the draft law will likely cause entire sectors of Thai civil society to collapse or take their activities underground.”

Excessive punishments

“Those found in breach of this law’s many faulty provisions risk lengthy prison sentences. Targetted NGOs could have their very existence extinguished at the whim of governmental authorities – enabling the silencing of critical and independent voices in Thailand,” said Ian Seiderman, Legal and Policy Director at the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ).

By making the registration of an NPO mandatory (in Section 5) and rendering any unregistered group illegal, the Draft Act would violate the right to freedom of association and severely impede the work of groups that defend and promote human rights.

Notably, under the proposed law (in Section 10), anyone found to belong to an unregistered association that operates within Thailand could be jailed for up to five years, fined up to 100,000 THB (approx. 3,200 USD), or both. This would effectively criminalize people solely for their peaceful exercise of the right to freedom of association.

“Paranoia” of foreign funding

“Around the world, bogus claims regarding foreign funding for NGOs are constantly used by repressive governments to distract from their own human rights record and to stigmatize and fuel paranoia regarding those who speak truth to power – often simply because they are critical of the government,” said Shamini Darshni Kaliemuthu, FORUM-ASIA’s Executive Director. “Now Thailand seems to want to follow suit, adding itself to an unwelcome list of rights-abusing governments trying to control or severely limit NGO funding.”

The Draft Act (in Section 6) places discriminatory restrictions on organizations that receive foreign funding. Authorities have the sole discretion to determine which activities may be carried out using funds from foreign or international sources, leaving ample room for abuse.

Moreover, the Draft Act states as a rationale for enacting the law: “several [NPOs] accepted money [from foreign sources], and used them to fund activities that may affect the relationship between the Kingdom of Thailand and its neighboring countries, or public order within the Kingdom.” This justification stigmatizes organizations that  use foreign funding by equating their objectives to those of “foreign agents”. The government has failed to recognize the legitimate work carried out by organizations and their contribution to the rule of law and development of the country, merely because they are funded by foreign sources.

Privacy invaded and censorship on expression

“In addition to the ongoing criminalization of online expression in Thailand, the Draft Act gives sweeping, unchecked and discretionary administrative powers to the authorities to further obstruct the work of human rights organizations,” said Emerlynne Gil, Amnesty International’s Deputy Regional Director for Research.

The Draft Act not only confers the power to the authorities to closely scrutinize organizations, it also contains provisions to subject NPOs’ offices and members to invasive surveillance and searches without judicial oversight. The Draft Act (in Section 6) allows the authorities to enter civil society organizations’ offices and make copies of their electronic communications traffic data without prior notice or a court warrant. This is a serious threat to the right to privacy and to freely express the ideas and opinions of its members.

Without prior notice or a valid warrant, this arbitrary power clearly violates domestic and international standards on due process of law.

“In going down this route, Thailand stands to poison the space for civil society. The passage of this law would severely undercut Thailand’s claims to be a rights-respecting country with a flourishing civil society,” said David Kode, Advocacy and Campaigns Lead at CIVICUS.

Contact

Ian Seiderman, ICJ Legal and Policy Director, ian.seiderman(a)icj.org, +41 229793800

Download

The statement with additional background information and list of organizations in English and Thai.

Submissions

Amnesty International

Article 19

Human Rights Watch

International Commission of Jurists – English and Thai

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