Jul 26, 2018 | Noticias
Falta de atención médica por parte del Estado de Guatemala provoca la muerte de niña, 30 horas después de nacida el 24 de julio.
La CIJ visitó el 25 de julio del presente año a la comunidad de “Laguna Larga”, víctima de desalojo forzoso hace ya más de un año.
Las personas desplazadas, que actualmente viven en la circunscripción de El Desengaño, municipio de Candelaria, Estado de Campeche, a la intemperie en carpas y “champas” en una zona rural de la franja fronteriza entre Guatemala y México, continúan en condiciones inhumanas y en una situación de riesgo, que pone en peligro su vida e integridad.
El 8 de septiembre de 2017, la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH) decretó medidas cautelares a favor de los Pobladores desalojados y desplazados de la comunidad Laguna Larga (Resolución 36/2017, Medidas Cautelares No. 412-17), instando a las autoridades guatemaltecas a adoptar las “medidas necesarias para proteger los derechos a la vida y la integridad personal de las personas beneficiarias, a través de medidas dirigidas a mejorar, entre otros aspectos, las condiciones sanitarias y de salud, en especial de los niños, niñas, mujeres y personas mayores”.
Hasta la fecha las autoridades guatemaltecas no han acatado las medidas cautelares.
La CIJ pudo constatar que la única medida adoptada por el Estado de Guatemala ha sido la asignación a la comunidad desplazada de dos maestras para impartir clases a los niños.
No obstante, la CIJ pudo constatar igualmente que las instalaciones educativas son precarias y demasiado calientes y obscuras, lo cual dificulta la impartición de clases.
Ninguna medida de orden sanitario o en materia de salud ha sido implementada por las autoridades guatemaltecas.
El pasado 24 de julio, una niña murió apenas treinta horas después de nacida, aparentemente, por falta de atención médica.
Igualmente ninguna de las medidas cautelares relativas a la alimentación, acceso al agua potable y vivienda, ha sido atendida por las autoridades guatemaltecas.
La CIJ expresa su honda preocupación por el hecho de que el Estado de Guatemala no haya cumplido ninguno de los requerimientos de la CIDH y que, después de un año, los derechos a la vida e integridad personal de los pobladores desplazados de la Comunidad Laguna Larga se encuentren en una situación de gravedad y urgencia de riesgo de un daño irreparable.
Ante la inacción de las autoridades guatemaltecas, los miembros de “Laguna Larga”, con el apoyo de organizaciones no gubernamentales, tanto mexicanas como guatemaltecas, han logrado implementar varios proyectos para abastecerse de agua potable, energía eléctrica, alimentación y salud.
No obstante, la CIJ pudo constatar que toda esta importante ayuda humanitaria que “Laguna Larga” ha recibido de parte de la sociedad civil, resulta insuficiente dada la gravedad de la crisis.
Si bien el esfuerzo y el trabajo desplegado por los miembros de la Comunidad de “Laguna Larga” y las organizaciones no gubernamentales guatemaltecas y mexicanas, constituyen un ejemplo de organización y participación de la sociedad civil, ello en modo alguno exonera, sustituye o disminuye la responsabilidad del Estado guatemalteco de garantizar los derechos a la vida y la integridad personal de la población desplazada y de implementar las medidas cautelares decretadas por la CIDH.
La CIJ concluye que toda esta falta de respuesta por parte de las autoridades en todos los ámbitos de la medida cautelar de la CIDH, constituyen actos y tratos inhumanos, crueles y degradantes, que afectan gravemente la dignidad del ser humano y que han causado daños irreparables a los miembros de la comunidad “Laguna Larga”.
Ramón Cadena, Director de la CIJ para Centroamérica expresó:
“Ante toda esta situación, la Comisión Internacional de Juristas demanda que las autoridades del Estado de Guatemala cumplan con la medida cautelar 412-17 de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos de forma inmediata, para evitar más daños a la comunidad “Laguna Larga” y que se retome el diálogo iniciado antes del desalojo. Según los estándares internacionales, el Estado deberá reparar todos los daños y perjuicios causados.”
Jul 26, 2018 | News, Op-eds
An opinion piece by Kingsley Abbott, ICJ Senior Legal Adviser in Bangkok, Thailand.
Over recent decades, international observers have tended to view the human rights and political situation in Cambodia as a series of predictable cycles that does not warrant too much alarm.
The conventional wisdom has been that Prime Minister Hun Sen and his government routinely tightens their grip on the political opposition and civil society in advance of elections before relaxing it again after victory has been secured.
But that analysis is no longer valid.
The reason is simple: During the course of ensuring it will win the national election scheduled for this Sunday (29 July), Hun Sen’s ruling Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) has, since the last election, systematically altered the country’s constitutional and legal framework – and these changes will remain in place after the election has passed.
Through the passage of a slew of new laws and legal amendments inconsistent with Cambodia’s obligations under international law, and the frequent implementation of the law to violate human rights, the legal system has been weaponized to overwhelm and defeat the real and perceived opponents of the CPP, including the political opposition, the media, civil society, human rights defenders and ordinary citizens.
This misuse of the law is a significant development in the history of modern Cambodia and represents a determined move away from the vision enshrined in the historic 1991 Paris Peace Agreements that ended years of conflict and sought to establish a peaceful and democratic Cambodia founded on respect for human rights and the rule of law.
And it risks cementing the human rights and rule of law crisis that now exists within Cambodia for years to come.
To facilitate the closure of civil society space, and contrary to international law and standards, in 2015 the Law on Associations and Non-Governmental Organizations (LANGO) was passed, which requires the mandatory registration of all NGOs and Associations, provides the government with arbitrary powers to deny or revoke registration, and places a vaguely worded duty on NGOs and associations to “maintain their neutrality towards political parties”.
The biggest blow to the political opposition has been the amendment last year of the Law on Political Parties (1997), amended twice within four months, which empowers the Supreme Court to dissolve parties, and four election laws, which permits the redistribution of a dissolved party’s seats in the country’s senate, national assembly, and commune and district councils.
Last November, the Supreme Court, presided over by a high-ranking member of the CPP, used the amended Law on Political Parties to dissolve the main opposition party, the Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP), which had received just under 44% of the vote – or about 3 million votes – in communal elections held in June 2017.
After the CNRP’s dissolution, the amended election laws were then used to redistribute CNRP seats at every level of government, from the commune to the senate, to the CPP and minor parties.
To silence the media, the country’s media and taxation laws have been invoked – local radio stations have been ordered to stop broadcasting Radio Free Asia and Voice of America “in order to uphold the law on media” and the independent Cambodia Daily was forced to close after being presented with a disputed US $6.3 million tax bill which the Daily claimed was “politically motivated” and not accompanied by a proper audit or good faith negotiations.
To curb the exercise of freedom of expression, the Constitution has received vaguely worded amendments placing an obligation on Cambodian citizens to “primarily uphold the national interest” while prohibiting them from “conducting any activities which either directly or indirectly affect the interests of the Kingdom of Cambodia and of Khmer Citizens”.
Meanwhile individual journalists, members of the political opposition including the CNRP’s leader, Kem Sokha, human rights defenders and an Australian documentary filmmaker have been charged with any number of a kaleidoscope of crimes ranging from intentional violence and criminal defamation to treason and espionage.
And Cambodia lacks an independent and impartial judiciary.
In 2014, three “judicial reform laws” were passed which institutionalized the prosecution and judiciary’s lack of independence from the executive.
At the same time, the government perversely uses the doctrine of the “rule of law” to justify its actions.
Just hours after the Supreme Court dissolved the CNRP, Hun Sen announced that the decision was made “in accordance with the rule of law.”
When members of the diplomatic community and senior UN officials meet government officials to express concern at the increasing misuse of the law they receive an absurdist legal lecture on the “importance of the rule of law”.
What is happening in Cambodia is the opposite of that.
The International Commission of Jurists, UN authorities and others have been defining the rule of law since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was pronounced in 1948.
All agree that that the rule of law entails passing and implementing laws consistent with a country’s international human rights obligations.
It is time for the international community to recognize that a frank and fresh analysis of the situation in Cambodia is urgently required which acknowledges the way the country’s underlying legal and constitutional framework has been deliberately altered, and the way in which this will impact the country adversely long past this month’s election.
This acknowledgment must be accompanied by a coherent and, where possible, joint, plan of action that clearly sets out, with a timeline, what is required to bring Cambodia back on track with the agreed terms of the Paris Peace Agreements – including necessary legal and justice sector reforms – and the political and economic consequences for not doing so.
As long as Hun Sen’s Government deploys increasingly sophisticated justifications for its repressive actions, a more refined, multilayered and vigorous response from the international community is required – grounded on a proper application of the rule of law and Cambodia’s international human rights obligations.
Jul 26, 2018 | News
From 24 to 26 July 2018, the ICJ co-hosted a workshop for authorities from Thailand, Cambodia, and Myanmar.
The theme of the workshop was on conducting investigations of potentially unlawful deaths and enforced disappearance in accordance with international human rights law and standards.
The workshop was co-hosted with Thailand’s Ministry of Justice, the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and the New Zealand Embassy in Bangkok.
The participants included 25 criminal investigators, public prosecutors and representatives of the Cambodian Ministry of Justice and the Thai Ministry of Justice.
The event commenced with opening remarks by James Andersen, Deputy Head of Mission, Embassy of New Zealand in Bangkok; Aim-orn Siangyai, Deputy Director General of Thailand’s Rights and Liberties Protection Department, Ministry of Justice; Frederick Rawski, Asia Pacific Regional Director, ICJ; and Shivani Verma, Human Rights Officer, OHCHR Regional Office for South-East Asia.
Kingsley Abbott, Senior Legal Adviser at the ICJ, gave a summary of the international human rights legal framework that applies to the investigation of unlawful deaths and enforced disappearance.
He then provided an outline of the revised Minnesota Protocol on the Investigation of Potentially Unlawful Death (2016), which was launched in Thailand on 25 May 2017 and which formed the core of the materials used at the workshop.
Other speakers included Glenn Williams, Detective Inspector, Field Crime Manager, New Zealand Police National Headquarters, who addressed the investigation process including crime scene management; Sean Buckley, International Investigator, who addressed witness interviews; Shivani Verma of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights who addressed Witness Protection; and Dr. Pornthip Rojanasunan, Adviser of Thailand’s Central Institute of Forensic Science (CIFS), who addressed the issue of forensic pathology.
This workshop followed three workshops the ICJ co-hosted between 5 to 8 December 2017 and 30 May to 1 June 2018 in Thailand on the investigation of potentially unlawful deaths and enforced disappearance for lawyers from Thailand and India, academics and State authorities from Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar and Nepal.
Contact
Kingsley Abbott, Senior International Legal Adviser, ICJ Asia Pacific Regional Office, t: +66 94 470 1345, e: kingsley.abbott(a)icj.org
Jul 24, 2018 | Advocacy, Analysis briefs, News
In a briefing paper published today, the ICJ called on the parties to the conflict in Yemen to take immediate and effective measures to ensure the protection of the civilian population, including against human rights abuses and international humanitarian law violations.
Serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in Yemen include direct and indiscriminate attacks against civilians and the impediment of access to humanitarian relief of the civilian population.
Gross human rights violations and abuses include widespread instances of arbitrary arrest and detention, torture and ill-treatment, and enforced disappearances.
The ICJ has called for persons responsible for such violations to be held to account.
“All parties to the conflict in Yemen have acted in blatant disregard of the most basic rules of international humanitarian law and human rights law,” said Said Benarbia, ICJ MENA Director.
“The top priority is to end these violations and in particular to protect the civilian population,” he added.
In its briefing paper, the ICJ analyses international law violations committed in the conduct of hostilities and against persons deprived of their liberty.
The Saudi Arabia-led coalition and the Houthis are allegedly responsible for direct, indiscriminate or disproportionate attacks against civilians and civilian objects, including local markets, food storage sites, water installations and medical facilities.
The United Arab Emirates, the internationally recognized government of Yemen and the Houthis have allegedly engaged in arbitrary arrest and detention, torture and ill-treatment, and enforced disappearances.
The ICJ briefing paper also examines the potential legal implications of the blockade imposed by the Saudi Arabia-led coalition on Yemen and the sieges laid by the Houthis against several towns and localities, which impede the civilian population to access humanitarian relief.
The ICJ briefing paper further assesses the potential responsibility of third States for transferring arms to the parties to the conflict.
Under numerous instruments, including the Arms Trade Treaty, States are prohibited from selling arms to the parties to an armed conflict whenever a risk exists that the end-user could commit international law violations.
Arms transfers may even engage the exporting States’ international responsibility for aiding or assisting in the commission of such violations.
“Victims must have access to effective legal remedies and be provided with adequate reparation,” Benarbia said.
“The international community must state loud and clear that impunity is not an option. The Security Council should refer the situation in Yemen to the International Criminal Court and third States should consider, where feasible, the exercise of universal jurisdiction to prosecute relevant crimes under international law,” he added.
Contact
Vito Todeschini, Associate Legal Adviser, ICJ Middle East and North Africa Programme, t: +216-71-962-287; e: vito.todeschini(a)icj.org
Said Benarbia, Director of the ICJ Middle East and North Africa Programme, t: +41-22-979-3817; e: said.benarbia(a)icj.org
Yemen-War briefing-News-web story-2018-ENG (full story with background information, English, PDF)
Yemen-War impact on populations-Advocacy-Analysis Brief-2018-ENG (Analysis Brief in English, PDF)
Yemen-War briefing-News-web story-2018-ARA (full story with background information, Arabic, PDF)
Yemen-War impact on populations-Advocacy-Analysis Brief-2018-ARA (Analysis Brief in Arabic, PDF)
Jul 24, 2018 | Artículos, Noticias
Desde hace años, las y los defensores del departamento de Izabal han sido víctimas de persecución por oponerse al proyecto minero Fénix de la empresa guatemalteca CGN.
La CIJ visitó el departamento de Izabal del 18 al 20 de julio.
El 19 de julio, la CIJ acompañó al periodista Jerson Xitumul, quien participó en una audiencia de sobreseimiento de su caso, conjuntamente con sus abogados, en el Juzgado de Instancia Penal, Narcoactividad y Delitos contra el Ambiente de Puerto Barrios.
Posteriormente, la CIJ realizó un encuentro con la Gremial de Pescadores de Izabal, en el que recibió información acerca de la difícil situación de represión que enfrenta dicha gremial.
El 20 de julio, la CIJ sostuvo una entrevista con el Vice Presidente de la Gremial de Pescadores Eduardo Bin Poou, perseguido y detenido arbitrariamente en el centro de detención de Puerto Barrios.
La CIJ expresa su honda preocupación por la persecusión de que son víctimas los defensores de derechos humanos por el hecho de expresarse y por no estar de acuerdo con la explotación minera que se está llevando a cabo en dicho departamento, debido a que causa graves daños al medio ambiente y un daño irreparable al Lago de Izabal.
La resistencia pacífica de los pobladores de Izabal, contrasta con la persecución violenta de que son objeto.
La CIJ considera que no se trata de hechos aislados, sino de una política de persecución por parte del Estado, quien lleva a cabo estos actos ilegales para beneficiar a la empresa CGN, que explota nickel en el departamento.
En vez de proteger a los defensores de derechos humanos, el Sistema de Justicia guatemalteco ha tomado varias acciones en su contra. Así, varios periodistas pertenecientes a la Prensa Comunitaria, han sido detenidos o tienen orden de captura.
Entre ellos el caso del periodista Jerson Xitumul, cuyo caso fue finalmente sobreseído, por no existir ninguna prueba de que cometió algún hecho delictivo.
Por otro lado, recientemente fue detenido Eduardo Bin Poou, Vicepresidente de la Junta Directiva de la Gremial de Pescadores y acusado falsamente y sin pruebas de que haya cometido delito alguno.
El objetivo principal ha sido afectar a aquellos que ejercitan el derecho a la resistencia, establecido en el artículo 45 de la Constitución Política de la República de Guatemala.
Asimismo, no puede pasar desapercibido que el 27 de mayo de 2017, fue asesinado un dirigente de la Gremial de Pescadores Carlos Maas Coc y herido también el pescador Alfredo Maquín Cocul, casos que hasta el momento se encuentran impunes.
La CIJ ha señalado en varias oportunidades que las autoridades guatemaltecas criminalizan y persiguen a defensores y defensoras del derecho a la tierra, mediante la imputación del delito de usurpación y usurpación agravada.
Asimismo, la CIJ ha señalado que las autoridades guatemaltecas pretenden criminalizar el legítimo ejercicio del derecho a la resistencia, consagrado en el artículo 45 de la Constitución Política de Guatemala, acusando a los defensores del medio ambiente y otros, de delitos como instigación a delinquir, detención ilegal, amenazas, daños, reuniones y manifestaciones ilícitas y otros ilícitos.
Asimismo, esta práctica estatal penaliza y castiga el legítimo ejercicio de las libertades de expresión y reunión.
Preocupa de sobremanera a la CIJ, el papel que juegan las y los jueces en el departamento de Izabal, en la criminalización de defensoras y defensores de derechos humanos.
Un ejemplo lo constituye el caso del Juez Edgar Aníbal Arteaga López, quien utilizando la función pública, suele abusar del poder de que está investido e imponer castigos ejemplares a los defensores de derechos humanos.
Así, con sus resoluciones arbitrarias dicho juez ha afectado a periodistas, pescadores organizados en la Gremial de Pescadores, dirigentes comunitarios, defensores del derecho a la tierra y todo aquel que se opone a la explotación de níquel o que defiende los derechos colectivos de las comunidades en dicho departamento.
Asimismo, en otros casos defensores y defensoras de derechos humanos han sido criminalizados y existe un número considerable de órdenes de captura en todo el país, que afectan a personas que ejercitan el derecho a la libertad de expresión, para defender derechos comunitarios.
Ramón Cadena, Director de la CIJ expresó:
“Urge que el Estado de Guatemala detenga la criminalización y persecución de que son objeto dirigentes comunitarios, periodistas y en general defensores y defensoras de derechos humanos en el departamento de Izabal. Para ello, se debe aplicar el régimen disciplinario interno a jueces que con su actuación, contribuyen a perseguir a estas personas, sólo por su forma de pensar y por ejercer legítimamente sus derechos y libertades. El Estado de Guatemala, deberá reparar los daños y perjuicios causados a defensoras y defensores de derechos humanos, por la actuación de sus autoridades y la CICIG debería investigar estos hechos, para aclarar la verdad de lo sucedido.”
Guatemala-Criminalización Izabal-News-2018-SPA (artículo completo, en PDF)
