Human rights defenders, including some lawyers, have encountered harassment and persecution for carrying out their professional activities. Egypt has continued to maintain an elaborate system of special courts, which undermines the jurisdiction of regular courts.
The Constitution of Mongolia provides for an independent judiciary. The General Council of Courts, established to promote the independence of the judiciary, has far-reaching powers with regard to the selection and removal of judges.
The former military ruler, General Pinochet, returned to Chile and faced proceedings before the judiciary, which took significant steps to advance his trial. However, in July 2001, the Santiago Appeals Court suspended proceedings against the former dictator on health grounds.
Although the military’s position has become less tolerant, some judges took steps to bring to justice persons responsible for human rights violations that occurred during the rule of the military juntas.
The internal armed conflict continued with the involvement of several African countries and numerous domestic groups. The Government, which controls approximately half of the territory, functioned without a Constitution.
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