Attacks on Justice 2002: Turkey
The 1982 Constitution establishes Turkey as a republic with a parliamentary form of government. According to Article 2, Turkey is a democratic, secular and social State governed by the rule of law.
Attacks on Justice 2002: Russia
The judiciary required extensive reform. President Putin has announced a commitment to such reforms, but they had yet to be implemented. Many judges did not function independently and corruption and bribery remained rampant.
Attacks on Justice 2002: Spain
The outbreak of a new wave of killings by ETA, the Basque armed separatist group, has led to increased pressure from public opinion on Judges and Magistrates in cases concerning ETA members or activists whose activities have been imputed to them.
Attacks on Justice 2002: Gibraltar
A prosecution, with possible political overtones, was undertaken against the Chief Justice of Gibraltar for a minor traffic violation.
Attacks on Justice 2002: France
A general package to reform the judicial system has been under discussion since 1997. In June 2000, important legislation entered into force enhancing the presumption of innocence and the rights of victims.
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