Dec 7, 2023 | Events, News
On 5 – 6 December 2023, the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) co-organized a workshop, with the Department of Justice (DOJ) of the Philippines, on ensuring the protection of human rights in the online sphere under international human rights law.
The workshop was aimed at enhancing the capabilities of public prosecutors to integrate into their work the relevant international human rights law and standards pertaining to human rights in the online space.
“More than forty percent of our time each day is now spent connected to the internet. This has changed our lives. New technologies have also engendered new challenges for the fulfilment of human rights,” stressed Santiago Canton, ICJ Secretary General, during his opening remarks. “International human rights law provides the framework for us to better understand and respond to these new developments.”
Expert international and Filipino participants reaffirmed the pivotal role that public prosecutors play in protecting and promoting human rights in the digital sphere.
“This workshop was scheduled to coincide with the National Human Rights Consciousness Week in the Philippines, and the inauguration of the DOJ’s Human Rights Office, as part of our efforts to integrate human rights-based approaches into our prosecutorial work,” said Prosecutor Hazel C. Decena-Valdez, OIC Senior Deputy State Prosecutor, Department of Justice, noting the particular timeliness of the workshop in her opening remarks.
Participants raised concerns about human rights violations and abuses perpetrated in digital spaces, including the particular risks experienced by individuals from certain groups, such as children and women.
“The risks of violations or abuses of children’s rights in the digital environment include exposure to unlawful or harmful contents, and online bullying, threats, attacks, punishment, censorship and digital surveillance,” highlighted ICJ Commissioner Mikiko Otani, Former Chair of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. “The role of prosecutors in securing the rights of the child in digital environments is very important, by holding perpetrators of violations accountable, and protecting child victims from secondary victimization.”
The participants discussed the numerous challenges they face when prosecuting cases impacting human rights in the digital space, and mapped out how to better integrate international human rights law and standards into their investigatory and prosecutorial work in order to ensure access to justice and effective remedies.
Some of these challenges include how to: handle criminal cases based on domestic laws that conflict with international human rights law; ensure that there is accountability for violations and abuses of human rights online; and prevent biases and stereotyping, such as those based on gender, when investigating and prosecuting cases.
“Prosecutors should ensure that they develop protocols to help eradicate structural gender bias, and ensure gender-responsive approaches to their work. This includes preventing revictimization and ensuring confidentiality when handling cases,” underscored Melissa Upreti, ICJ Regional Director for Asia and the Pacific. “Online violence should not be distinguished as a lesser crime, and the human rights implications of online gender-based violence must be fully recognized.”
Contact
Melissa Upreti, ICJ Regional Director, Asia and the Pacific, e: melissa.upreti@icj.org
Daron Tan, ICJ Associate International Legal Adviser, e: daron.tan@icj.org
Caleen Obias, ICJ National Legal Consultant, e: caleen.obias@icj.org
Background
The workshop was attended by 22 public prosecutors from the Department of Justice.
The key thematic issues discussed during the workshop were:
- The right to online freedom of expression and information;
- Domesticating international human rights law;
- Protecting children’s rights online;
- Protecting women’s rights online; and
- Court technologies, access to justice and impacts on the right to a fair trial.
The speakers at the workshop were:
- Santiago Canton, Secretary General, ICJ;
- Prosecutor Hazel C. Decena-Valdez, OIC Senior Deputy State Prosecutor, Department of Justice;
- Justice Adolfo Azcuna, ICJ Commissioner; Justice, Supreme Court (Ret.); Chancellor Emeritus, Philippine Judicial Academy;
- Mikiko Otani, ICJ Commissioner; Member and Former Chair, UN Committee on the Rights of the Child;
- Melissa Upreti, Regional Director for Asia and the Pacific, ICJ; and
- Atty. Oliver Xavier Reyes, Senior Lecturer, University of the Philippines College of Law.
Dec 6, 2023 | Noticias
Perú violó sus obligaciones bajo el derecho internacional al liberar al expresidente Alberto Fujimori, en flagrante desafío a las órdenes emitidas por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (Corte IDH), dijo hoy la Comisión Internacional de Juristas (CIJ).
La CIJ ha hecho un llamamiento para que Perú cumpla con sus obligaciones legales y para que los órganos de la Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA) adopten medidas efectivas para garantizar dicho cumplimiento.
La excarcelación anticipada de Fujimori, por supuestos motivos humanitarios, a pesar de no haber reconocido ninguna responsabilidad ni arrepentimiento por las atrocidades por las que fue condenado, es una afrenta a las numerosas víctimas y sus familias que sufrieron graves abusos bajo su gobierno.
Aunque la acción no equivale formalmente a una revocación de la declaración de culpabilidad o a un perdón de los delitos, Perú no siguió procedimientos que tuvieran en cuenta las preocupaciones de las víctimas o que justificaran la necesidad humanitaria de su liberación.
En 2009, Fujimori fue condenado a 25 años de prisión por su participación en la comisión de ejecuciones extrajudiciales, desapariciones forzadas y otros actos que, en su conjunto, constituían crímenes de lesa humanidad. El 6 de diciembre de 2023, fue puesto en libertad por orden del Tribunal Constitucional peruano tras un indulto humanitario emitido el 24 de diciembre de 2017 por el entonces presidente Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard.
El Tribunal y el Presidente no tuvieron en cuenta los derechos de las víctimas a la verdad, la justicia y la reparación”, dijo Carolina Villadiego, Líder del equipo de América Latina de la CIJ.
El flagrante desconocimiento por parte del Tribunal Constitucional del requerimiento explícito de la Corte Interamericana de hacer esta evaluación es una afrenta a las víctimas de los crímenes de Fujimori”, agregó Villadiego.
Aunque los derechos humanos de los condenados exigen que las autoridades judiciales tengan en cuenta el impacto de la detención en su salud, cualquier consideración sobre la salud debe estar fundamentada, y las víctimas deben ser escuchadas y sus derechos tenidos en cuenta a la hora de determinar si debe concederse la libertad por motivos humanitarios.
Tras la emisión del indulto en 2017, el 30 de mayo de 2018, la Corte IDH adoptó una resolución solicitando a las autoridades peruanas evaluar la posibilidad de una revisión judicial del indulto humanitario. Según la Corte IDH, dicha evaluación debería tener en cuenta, entre otras consideraciones, el derecho de las víctimas de Fujimori a acceder a la justicia; la proporcionalidad de la pena impuesta y su ejecución; los derechos de Fujimori, en particular su derecho a la vida, a la integridad personal y a la salud.
La Corte Interamericana identificó inconsistencias en la evaluación de la salud de Fujimori, lo que debería haber impulsado a los tribunales nacionales a investigar a fondo las circunstancias que condujeron al indulto y garantizar que se tuvieran en cuenta los derechos de todas las partes implicadas”, afirmó Villadiego. “Los derechos de las víctimas parecen haber sido dejados de lado tanto por el presidente Kuczynski como por el Tribunal Constitucional, dando al traste con años de avances en la lucha contra la impunidad en el país”, añadió Villadiego.
La Corte IDH ejerce supervisión sobre las decisiones relacionadas con el caso Fujimori, casos Barrios Altos y La Cantuta, en las que determinó que Perú había violado sus obligaciones en virtud de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos (CADH) al no exigir responsabilidades a los autores de graves violaciones de los derechos humanos cometidas en Perú. Las autoridades peruanas están obligadas a cumplir las decisiones de la Corte IDH en este caso, en consonancia con los principios fundamentales del Estado de derecho.
La CIJ resalta de manera inequívoca que las autoridades peruanas deben cumplir con las órdenes de la Corte IDH. El Tribunal Constitucional peruano no está facultado para desconocer la potestad de la Corte IDH de emitir órdenes en el marco de su función jurisdiccional de supervisión de la ejecución de sus decisiones y dejar sin efecto dichas órdenes.
La CIJ pide a las autoridades peruanas que cumplan las órdenes de la Corte IDH y revisen el indulto humanitario ejecutivo de Fujimori. Esto requiere una evaluación actualizada, exhaustiva e imparcial de la salud de Fujimori y la consideración de los derechos de las víctimas de Fujimori.
La CIJ también hace un llamamiento a la comunidad internacional, en particular a los miembros de la OEA, para que exijan a Perú que acate las órdenes de la Corte IDH y cumpla con sus obligaciones internacionales en materia de derechos humanos en relación con las víctimas de graves violaciones de derechos humanos y crímenes de derecho internacional.
Antecedentes
En 2009, la Corte Suprema de Perú condenó a Alberto Fujimori por el asesinato de 25 personas, las lesiones graves a cuatro personas y el secuestro de dos personas y que consideró que dichos crímenes constituían crímenes de lesa humanidad. Como principio general, las normas y estándares internacionales prohíben la concesión de amnistías e indultos a los condenados por violaciones graves de derechos humanos que constituyan crímenes de derecho internacional. El derecho internacional también exige la protección del derecho a la salud de todas las personas, incluidos los presos, lo que, en algunos casos, podría permitir el encarcelamiento institucional.
Las decisiones del Tribunal Constitucional del Perú
El 4 de diciembre de 2023, el Tribunal Constitucional dictó una sentencia en la que ordenaba al Instituto Nacional Penitenciario la inmediata puesta en libertad del expresidente Fujimori, que cumple una condena de 25 años de prisión, la cual concluye en febrero de 2032. El fallo fue la última decisión judicial iniciada por el indulto humanitario, por problemas de salud, otorgado a Fujimori el 24 de diciembre de 2017 por el entonces presidente Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard. Previamente, el 17 de marzo de 2022, el Tribunal Constitucional había resuelto que el indulto humanitario a Fujimori debía ejecutarse.
En la sentencia de 2023, el Tribunal también declaró que la Corte IDH no tenía competencia para pronunciarse sobre la no ejecución de una sentencia nacional como parte de la función judicial de la Corte IDH de supervisar la ejecución de sus decisiones. Esta afirmación fue en reacción de la resolución adoptada el 7 de abril de 2022, en la que la Corte IDH había ordenado al Estado peruano no ejecutar la sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional de 2022.
La posición del Tribunal es contraria a las facultades de la Corte IDH establecidas en los artículos 33, 62.1, 62.3 y 65 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos (CADH) y en el artículo 69 del Reglamento de la Corte IDH. Además, la posición del Tribunal podría implicar que algunas actuaciones de las autoridades judiciales pueden estar fuera del ámbito del control de convencionalidad, y por lo tanto, fuera de la obligación establecida en la CADH
Las decisiones de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos
Antes de la sentencia condenatoria de 2009 contra Fujimori, por los mismos hechos, en 2001 y 2006, en los casos de Barrios Altos y La Cantuta, la Corte IDH había determinado que el Estado peruano había incumplido sus obligaciones en virtud de la CADH. La Corte IDH determinó que Perú había violado el derecho a la personalidad jurídica (artículo 3), el derecho a la vida (artículo 4), el derecho a la integridad personal (artículo 5), el derecho a la libertad personal (artículo 7) y el derecho a las garantías judiciales y a la protección judicial (artículos 8 y 25). En ambos casos, entre otras medidas de reparación, la Corte IDH ordenó a Perú que identificara, investigara, procesara y sancionara a los responsables de las violaciones de derechos humanos.
Como parte de la función judicial de supervisar la implementación de sus decisiones, la Corte IDH ha emitido varias resoluciones ordenando medidas para la plena implementación de las órdenes en los casos de Barrios Altos y La Cantuta. Tras la emisión del indulto humanitario en diciembre de 2017, la Corte IDH emitió una resolución el 30 de mayo de 2018 solicitando a las autoridades peruanas evaluar la posibilidad de una revisión judicial del indulto humanitario.
Para la Corte IDH, esta revisión judicial debería considerar: (i) el derecho de las víctimas de Fujimori a acceder a la justicia; (ii) la proporcionalidad de la pena impuesta y de su ejecución; (iii) los derechos de Fujimori, en particular su derecho a la vida, a la integridad personal y a la salud; y (iv) el hecho de que las penas de prisión no pueden convertirse en penas de muerte. Además, la Corte IDH consideró que existían serias dudas sobre si se habían cumplido los requisitos legales establecidos en la legislación peruana para la concesión del indulto humanitario. La CIDH destacó las inconsistencias en la evaluación de la salud de Fujimori y las alegaciones de que el indulto se concedió para dar al entonces presidente Kuczynski los votos en el Congreso para impedir la vacancia presidencial.
Adicionalmente, la Corte IDH también mencionó que, en casos de graves violaciones a los derechos humanos y crímenes de derecho internacional, los indultos por razones de salud, como en el caso Fujimori, es necesario tener en cuenta la salud del condenado, pero también se debe considerar:
(…) que se haya cumplido una parte considerable de la pena privativa de libertad y se haya pagado la reparación civil impuesta en la condena; la conducta del condenado respecto al esclarecimiento de la verdad; el reconocimiento de la gravedad de los delitos perpetrados y su rehabilitación; y los efectos que su liberación anticipada tendría a nivel social y sobre las víctimas y sus familiares”.
La revisión judicial llevada a cabo por el Tribunal Constitucional peruano no tuvo en cuenta ninguno de los requisitos establecidos por la Corte IDH en su resolución de 30 de mayo de 2018. En consecuencia, el 7 de abril de 2022 y el 5 de diciembre de 2023, la Corte IDH ordenó al Estado peruano no implementar la decisión del Tribunal Constitucional en relación con el indulto humanitario a Fujimori. Ello, a fin de garantizar el derecho de acceso a la justicia de las víctimas de los casos Barrios Altos y La Cantuta.
Contactos:
Carolina Villadiego Burbano, Líder del equipo de América Latina de la CIJ, correo electrónico: carolina.villadiego@icj.org
Rocío Quintero Martínez, Asesora Legal de la CIJ para el programa de América Latina, correo electrónico: rocio.quintero@icj.org
Dec 6, 2023 | News
Peru violated its obligations under international law by releasing former President, Alberto Fujimori, in blatant defiance of orders issued by the Inter-American Court on Human Rights (IACtHR) said the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) today.
The ICJ has called for Peru to abide by its legal obligations and for effective measures by the bodies of the OAS to ensure such compliance.
The early release of Fujimori on purported humanitarian grounds, despite his failure to acknowledge any responsibility or contrition for the atrocities for which he was convicted, is an affront to the many victims and families who suffered severe abuse under his Presidential rule.
Even though the action does not formally amount to a reversal of finding of culpability or a forgiveness of crimes, Peru failed to follow procedures which would take into account the concerns of victims or to substantiate the humanitarian necessity of his release.
In 2009, Fujimori was sentenced to 25 years in prison for his role in the commission of extrajudicial executions, enforced disappearances and other acts, which cumulatively amounted crimes against humanity. On 6 December 2023, he was released by order of the Peruvian Constitutional Tribunal following an executive humanitarian pardon on 24 December 2017 issue by then-president Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard.
The Tribunal and President failed to take into account the victims’ rights to truth, justice, and reparations”, said Carolina Villadiego, ICJ Latin America Team Leader.
The Constitutional Tribunal’s flagrant disregard for the Inter-American Court’s explicit requirement to make this assessment is an affront to the victims of Fujimori’s crimes”, added Villadiego.
Although the human rights of convicted persons require judicial authorities to consider the impact of detention on their health, any imperative health considerations must be substantiated, and the victims must be heard, and their rights taken into account when determining whether humanitarian release should be granted.
Following issuance of the executive pardon in 2017, on 30 May 2018, the IACtHR adopted a resolution requesting the Peruvian authorities to evaluate the possibility of a judicial review of the humanitarian pardon. According to the IACtHR, that assessment should have into account, among other considerations, the right of Fujimori’s victims to have access to justice; the proportionality of the sentence imposed and its execution; the rights of Fujimori, in particular his right to life, personal integrity, and health.
The Inter-American Court already identified inconsistencies in Fujimori’s health assessment, which should have prompted domestic courts to fully inquire into the circumstances leading to the pardon and ensure the rights of all parties involved were considered”, affirmed Villadiego. The rights of victims seem to have been sidelined by both President Kuczynski and the Constitutional Tribunal, unravelling years of progress towards combating impunity in the country”, added Villadiego
The IACtHR exercises a supervisory duty over decisions related to Fujimori’s case, Barrios Altos and La Cantuta cases, in which it found Peru had violated is obligations under the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR) by failing to hold perpetrators of gross human rights violations committed in Peru to account. Peruvian authorities are obligated to comply with the IACtHR’s decisions in this case, consistent with fundamental rule of law principles.
The ICJ underscores unequivocally that the Peruvian authorities must comply with the orders of the IACtHR. The Peruvian Constitutional Tribunal does not have the authority to disregard the IACtHR’s power to issue orders as part of its judicial function of supervising the execution of its decisions and to override those orders.
The ICJ calls on the Peruvian authorities to comply with the orders of the IACtHR and to review Fujimori’s executive humanitarian pardon. This requires an updated, thorough and impartial assessment of Fujimori’s health and consideration of the rights of Fujimori’s victims.
The ICJ also calls upon the international community, in particular members of the Organization of American States, to demand that Peru comply with the orders of the IACtHR and fulfil its international human rights obligations towards victims of serious human rights violations and crimes under international law.
Background
In 2009, the Peruvian Supreme Court convicted Alberto Fujimori for the murder of 25 people, the serious injury of four people and the kidnapping of two people, which it held amounted to crimes against humanity. As a general principle, international law and standards prohibits the issuance of amnesties and pardons for those convicted of gross human rights violations amounting to crimes under international law. International law also requires protection of the right to health of all persons, including prisoners, which in some instances could preclude institutional incarceration.
Peruvian Constitutional Tribunal’s rulings
On 4 December 2023, the Peruvian Constitutional Tribunal handed down a ruling ordering the National Penitentiary Institute to immediately release former President Fujimori, who is serving a 25-year prison sentence that is due to be completed in February 2032. The ruling was the last judicial decision triggered by a humanitarian pardon for health issues granted to Fujimori on 24 December 2017 by then-president Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard. Previously, on 17 March 2022, the Constitutional Tribunal had ruled that Fujimori’s humanitarian pardon should be implemented.
In the 2023 ruling, the Tribunal also stated that the IACtHR did not have the competency to rule on the non-enforcement of a national ruling as part of the IACtHR’s judicial function of supervising the execution of its decisions. This pronouncement was in reaction to the action taken on 7 April 2022, in which the IACtHR had ordered the Peruvian State not to implement the 2022 Constitutional Tribunal’s ruling.
The Tribunal’s position is contrary to the IACtHR’s faculties established in Articles 33, 62.1, 62.3 and 65 of the ACHR and Article 69 of the Rules of Procedure of the IACtHR’s. Moreover, the Tribunal’s position might imply that some actions of judicial authorities may be outside the scope of the control of conventionality, and therefore, outside the obligation established under the ACHR.
Inter-American Court of Human rights’ decisions
Before the 2009 conviction sentence against Fujimori, for the same facts, in 2001 and 2006, in the cases of Barrios Altos and La Cantuta, the IACtHR’s had found that the Peruvian state had breached its obligations under the ACHR. The IACtHR determined that Peru had violated the right to juridical personality (Article 3), the right to life (Article 4), the right the right to humane treatment (Article 5), the right to personal liberty (Article 7), and the right to a fair trial and judicial protection (Articles 8 and 25). In both cases, among other reparation measures, the IACtHR ordered Peru to identify, investigate, prosecute, and punish those responsible for human rights violations.
As part of the judicial function of supervising the implementation of its decisions, the IACtHR’s has issued several resolutions ordering measures for the full implementation of the orders in the cases of Barrios Altos and La Cantuta. Following the issuance of the humanitarian pardon in December 2017, the IACtHR’s issued a resolution on 30 May 2018 requesting the Peruvian authorities to evaluate the possibility of a judicial review of the humanitarian pardon.
For the IACtHR, this judicial review would consider: (i) the right of Fujimori’s victims to have access to justice; (ii) the proportionality of the sentence imposed and its execution; (iii) the rights of Fujimori, in particular his right to life, personal integrity and health; and (iv) the fact that prison sentences cannot be converted into death sentences. In addition, the IACtHR considered that there were serious doubts as to whether the legal requirements laid down in Peruvian law for the granting of the humanitarian pardon had been met. The IACtHR highlighted inconsistencies in Fujimori’s health assessment and allegations that the pardon was granted to give then-President Kuczynski the votes in Congress to avoid impeachment.
In addition, the IACtHR also mentioned that in cases of serious human rights violations and crimes under international law, pardons for health reasons, such as in the Fujimori case, it is necessary to take into account the health of the convicted person, but it should also be considered:
(…) [whether] a substantial part of the sentence has been served and the civil compensation imposed in the sentence has been paid; the behaviour of the convicted person with regard to the clarification of the truth; the recognition of the seriousness of the crimes committed and their rehabilitation; and the effects that early release would have on society and on the victims and their families.”
The judicial review carried out by the Peruvian Constitutional Tribunal failed to take into account any of the requirements established by the IACtHR in its resolution of 30 May 2018. As a result, on 7 April 2022 and on 5 December 2023, the IACtHR ordered the Peruvian State not to implement the decision of the Constitutional Tribunal in relation to Fujimori’s humanitarian pardon. This was done in order to guarantee the right to access to justice of the victims of the cases of Barrios Altos and La Cantuta.
Contact:
Carolina Villadiego Burbano, ICJ Latin America Team Leader, email: carolina.villadiego@icj.org
Rocío Quintero Martínez, ICJ Legal Adviser for the Latin America Programme, email: rocio.quintero@icj.org
Dec 6, 2023 | Advocacy, News
The second revision of Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law), which was passed on 5 December 2023, does not comply with international human rights law and standards on freedom of expression and information, said the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) today.
On 5 December 2023, the Indonesian House of Representatives passed the bill for the second revision of the ITE Law into law.
The ICJ is gravely concerned that the revised ITE Law fails to rectify the main flaws of its previous iteration, which has been used to wrongly criminalize and restrict free expression in online spaces. The criminal provisions contained in the revised law are inconsistent with international human rights law and standards, with added provisions having the potential to exacerbate repression of online expression.
“The retention of overbroad criminal provisions in the revised ITE Law signals the continuing failure of Indonesia to comply with its international human rights obligations to respect and protect the right to freedom of expression,” said Melissa Upreti, ICJ Regional Director for Asia and the Pacific. “The revision process lacked transparency, and important recommendations made by civil society to remove the ITE Law’s fatally flawed provisions have been disregarded.”
The ICJ is also concerned that the drafting process for the second revision was opaque, with public feedback on the draft having been ignored. The lack of transparency in the drafting process contravenes Indonesia’s obligation to ensure the effective exercise of the right to participate in public affairs, as guaranteed under article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).
“The second revision of the ITE Law failed to capitalize on the opportunity for the Indonesian authorities to strengthen the protection of online freedom of expression and to reaffirm its commitment to respecting and protecting human rights in the online space. It is imperative that the revised law repeals or substantially amends the overbroad criminal provisions that have been used with concerning frequency to arbitrarily suppress online freedom of expression and create a climate of fear,” said Upreti.
In light of these concerns, the ICJ calls for the repeal or substantial amendment of the revised ITE Law to bring it in line with Indonesia’s human rights obligations to respect and protect the right to freedom of expression and information, through a transparent process that involves the effective participation of civil society.
Criminalization of free expression online
The revised ITE Law retains the overbroad and vague provisions criminalizing “contents that violate propriety” (article 27(1)); criminal defamation (article 27A); and “content that incites, persuades or influences” others that “causes feelings of hatred or hostility” based on protected characteristics (article 28(2)). A violation of these offences may result in imprisonment and criminal fines if found convicted (articles 45 and 45A).
Additionally, the revised law incorporates a new provision that imposes criminal liability for intentionally disseminating content that a person “knew contained false statements that cause public unrest” (article 28(3)), which may result in imprisonment if found convicted (article 45A(3)).
Any restriction on the right to freedom of expression and information must comply with the elements of legality, legitimate purpose, necessity and proportionality required under article 19(3) of the ICCPR. This means that any restriction on the right to freedom of expression must be based on law that is precisely worded, and be necessary for and the least restrictive measure to respond to a legitimate aim. The only aims identified as legitimate in article 19(3) are ensuring respect of the rights or reputations of others; or for the protection of national security, public order, public health or morals.
The criminal provisions in the revised law are unnecessary for any legitimate government purpose and risk making criminals of large numbers of ordinary internet users, and chilling many others from speaking online. They are clearly inconsistent with Indonesia’s obligations under article 19 of the ICCPR to guarantee the right to freedom of expression and information. They threaten unwarranted criminal sanctions for acts that are based on vague and overbroad language, which could be applied to unduly interfere with the rights of individuals and disproportionately impact those from disadvantaged and marginalized groups.
For instance, article 27(1) of the revised ITE Law threatens criminal sanctions for disseminating content that violates “propriety”, defined as “displaying nudity, genitalia, and sexual activity that contravenes with the values existing in society […]”. While the law now includes an exemption for public interest and self-defence (article 45(2)), this definition for “propriety” is vague and overbroad, having the potential to be weaponized to unjustly sanction any form of expression by individuals from marginalized groups, such as LGBTI-related content. Further, it could enable legal reprisals against victims/survivors of gender-based violence and lead to revictimization.
Defamation should never be subject to criminal, as opposed to civil, sanctions. The UN Human Rights Committee, which authoritatively interprets the ICCPR, has called on States to end the use of the criminal law for such purposes and affirmed that “imprisonment is never an appropriate penalty [for defamation]”. While the revised ITE law now incorporates a public interest exemption, the retention of criminal defamation will continue to have a chilling effect on online freedom of expression and information. Indeed, the previous criminal defamation provision in article 27(3) of the ITE Law, has already been applied to target expression critical of the government.
The criminalization of disseminating content that incites “feelings of hatred or hostility” in article 28(2) cannot be used to justify the application of criminal law. While States must act under the ICCPR article 20 to protect against actual incitement to violence and discrimination, provoking mere “feelings” of ill-defined conceptions of “hatred or hostility” stands well below the threshold of actual acts of violence or discrimination. In any event, the use of the criminal law is a plainly disproportionate measure to address any legitimate objective. The ICJ notes that the previous criminal hate speech provision in the ITE Law has been applied in an arbitrary manner to charge journalists and convict forms of expression that do not give rise to substantial harm.
The addition of article 28(3) in the revised ITE Law to criminalize disseminating “false statements” that causes “public unrest” is vague, overbroad and imprecise, which is inconsistent with the legality principle. Authorities may not rely on the prevention of “public unrest”, vaguely defined as “conditions that disturb public order […]”, to justify the disproportionate threat of criminal sanctions, especially imprisonment. The ICJ notes how other criminal provisions sanctioning disinformation, based on colonial-era regulations, have been used to arbitrarily sanction legitimate expression protected under international human rights law, including public interest reporting or critical opinions concerning public officials.
This press release can be downloaded in Bahasa Indonesian here.
Contact
Melissa Upreti, ICJ Regional Director for Asia and the Pacific, e: melissa.upreti@icj.org
Daron Tan, ICJ Associate International Legal Adviser, e: daron.tan@icj.org
Yogi Bratajaya, ICJ Legal Consultant, e: yogi.bratajaya@icj.org
Further reading
Dictating the Internet: Curtailing Free Expression, Opinion and Information Online in Southeast Asia
Indonesia: ICJ asks court to ensure that defamation and “false information” laws not be used to silence and criminalize human rights defenders
Indonesia: Law No. 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes and Online Gender-Based Violence Against Women
Silenced But Not Silent: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Persons’ Freedom of Expression and Information Online in Southeast Asia
Dec 4, 2023 | Events, News
The conclusion drawn at a workshop hosted by the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) and Thailand’s Ministry of Justice on 30 November and 1 December 2023, in Ayutthaya province, was that Thailand should step up efforts to provide real access to justice for victims of corporate human rights abuses involving Thai companies abroad. This is imperative to make sure that Thailand meets its international legal obligations and fulfills the commitment it made in adopting a National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights Phase 2 (NAP), aimed at regulating the conduct of Thai companies abroad.
The workshop advanced a crucial component of the set of action points outlined in the NAP, engaging nearly 30 members from the justice sector, relevant authorities across various departments, academics, lawyers, and civil society actors.
“This workshop holds particular importance as it contributes to the global initiative aimed at addressing the lack of human rights regulation and the accountability of transnational corporations, a significant gap in human rights protection,” remarked Santiago A. Canton, ICJ’s Secretary-General in an opening statement.
“The state’s obligation to prevent human rights abuses committed by the companies it may influence does not stop at the border. The adoption of the Maastricht Principles in 2011 revealed evidence of State obligations to protect economic, social, and cultural rights beyond its borders, including in the context of corporate conduct, and this obligation binds the judiciary of the State. These principles have subsequently been confirmed by several jurisprudences of the UN treaty bodies,” said Sandra Epal Ratjen, ICJ’s UN Senior International Legal Adviser.
During the workshop, participants discussed existing challenges, covering areas such as corporate veils, conflicts of law, jurisdictional issues, statutes of limitations, and remedies.
“When an abuse occurs, the legal separation of corporate entities often allows parent companies and their representatives to evade responsibility for human rights abuses committed by them, leaving victims with no means to enforce compensation awards,” said Sanhawan Srisod, ICJ’s Legal Adviser.
“Courts in the parent company’s home country may serve as an alternative forum for claims seeking remedy or reparation. However, affected foreign citizens generally encounter greater barriers than Thai citizens in accessing justice due to several reasons, including language barriers, lack of understanding of the Thai legal system, financial constraints, short statutes of limitation, and the unavailability of access to legal aid, local lawyers, and internal corporate documents,” added Srisod.
Proposals from the participants included amending laws to shift the burden of proof, especially when critical facts or documents necessary to resolve a claim reside exclusively within the knowledge of the corporate defendant. This involves considering the potential influence parent companies exert over their subsidiaries in relevant actions. Other recommendations involved extending the statute of limitations for cases involving victims of transnational corporate human rights abuses, acknowledging the existence of corporate veils under Thai law, strengthening the enforcement of foreign judgments against parent companies in Thailand.
Effective measures aimed at ensuring remedies could include requiring businesses to obtain insurance coverage or establishing preventive remedial funds for Thai businesses before embarking on overseas investment. The eligibility criteria of existing funds and grievance mechanisms could be widened within Thailand to explicitly allow affected persons outside the country access to such remedies and mechanisms. There were also suggestions to explicitly broaden the scope of duties of the National Human Rights Commission of Thailand (NHRCT) to investigate and reconcile abuses occurring abroad.
Further recommendations included establishing standards for remedies with a human-centered approach and exploring the implementation of social sanction measures.
Participants considered how best to implement measures through bodies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Board of Investment (BOI), whose representatives attended the Workshop. This encompassed proposals for sustainable disclosure of corporate information to both the SEC and BOI. Additionally, there were suggestions to strengthen the BOI’s role or assign a permanent mandate to the NAP Committee for overseeing Thai investments abroad. Participants also explored the idea of incorporating human rights challenges faced in foreign investment as mandatory disclosure points in the SEC’s One-Report, which listed companies are required to submit annually. Furthermore, there were discussions regarding the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) assuming a more influential role in regulating transnational corporations.
Background
Thailand’s National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights Phase 2 (2023-2027) outlines various activities within the Action Plan on Cross Border Investment and Multinational Enterprises.
Its Action Point 1.3 designates the Ministry of Justice, supported by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Office of the Attorney General, with the responsibility of conducting a study. This study aims to offer recommendations for amending laws or establishing measures aimed at ensuring access to the justice system and effective civil, criminal, and administrative remedies for communities, both locally and overseas, affected by the operations of Thai companies or state enterprises abroad.
This workshop was the second of its kind. The first meeting was conducted on 10 and 11 September 2022 by the ICJ and Thailand’s Ministry of Justice.
Speakers at the Workshop included:
- Darunee Paisanpanichkul, Deputy Dean, Faculty of Law, Chiang Mai University
- Ruangsak Suwaree, Director-General, Rights and Liberties Protection Department, Ministry of Justice
- Sandra Epal Ratjen, Senior International Legal Adviser and UN Representative, ICJ
- Sanhawan Srisod, Legal Adviser, ICJ
- Santiago A. Canton, Secretary-General, ICJ
- Sayamol Kaiyoorawong, National Human Rights Commissioner of Thailand
- Teerachai Sanjaroenkijthaworn, Co-ordinator, Extra-Territorial Obligation Watch Coalition
Contact
Sanhawan Srisod, ICJ Associate International Legal Adviser, e: sanhawan.srisod@icj.org
Further reading
Thailand: Barriers persist in access to justice for victims of human rights abuses involving Thai transnational corporations abroad – ICJ report
